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2.1.1 and 2.1.2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Homeostasis | The body's process of actively maintaining a stable, balanced internal environment despite changing external conditions. |
| Medical History | A comprehensive, recorded collection of a patient’s past and present health information, used by clinicians for diagnosis and treatment. |
| Chief Complaint | A concise statement, often recorded in the patient’s own words, describing the primary symptom, problem, or condition that prompted them to seek medical care. |
| Physical Signs | Objective, observable, or measurable indications of a disease, injury, or abnormal bodily condition detected by a healthcare professional during a physical examination or through diagnostic tests. |
| Symptoms | A physical or mental feature which is regarded as indicating a condition of disease, particularly such a feature that is apparent to the patient. |
| Diagnosis | The identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms. |
| Differential Diagnosis | A systematic, evidence-based process used by healthcare professionals to identify the specific disease or condition causing a patient's symptoms. |
| Empathy | The ability to understand and share the feelings of another. |
| Demeanor | outward behavior or bearing. |
| Tact | adroitness and sensitivity in dealing with others or with difficult issues. |
| Artery | any of the muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood (mainly that which has been oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body. |
| Vein | any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying in most cases oxygen-depleted blood toward the heart. |
| Hyper | "over," "above," "beyond," or "excessive" |
| Hypo | under, beneath, below, or less than normal |
| emia | blood |
| Chemical reaction | a process in which one or more substances (reactants) undergo a chemical transformation to form one or more new substances (products) with different properties |
| HIPAA | Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act |
| Risk Factor | any attribute, characteristic, behavior, or environmental exposure that increases the likelihood of developing a disease, injury, or adverse condition |
| Triage | he preliminary assessment of patients or casualties in order to determine the urgency of their need for treatment and the nature of treatment required. |
| Immune System | he organs and processes of the body that provide resistance to infection and toxins. Organs include the thymus, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. |
| Mucus | a slimy substance secreted by mucous membranes and glands for lubrication, protection, etc. |
| Lymph | a clear-to-white, watery fluid containing white blood cells (especially lymphocytes), fats, and proteins, derived from blood plasma that leaks into body tissues |
| Lymph Nodes | small, bean-shaped organs that function as vital,, filtering stations for the lymphatic system |
| Cancer | a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. |
| Carcinogen | any substance, agent, or organism that causes or promotes cancer by damaging a cell's DNA |
| inflammation | the body’s immune system response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, acting as a defense mechanism to initiate healing |
| Temperature | the degree of internal heat of a person's body. |
| Hyperthermia | the condition of having a body temperature greatly above normal. |
| Hypothermia | a drop in core body temperature to below 95°F (35°C) |
| Thermometer | n instrument for measuring and indicating temperature |
| Heart Rate | the number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm), reflecting how fast the heart muscle contracts to circulate blood |
| Beats per minute | measures tempo in music or the rate of a pulse, defining how many beats occur within 60 seconds |
| Pulse | a rhythmical throbbing of the arteries as blood is propelled through them, typically as felt in the wrists or neck. |
| Tachycardia | an abnormally fast resting heart rate, typically exceeding 100 beats per minute (bpm) in adults |
| Bradycardia | an abnormally slow resting heart rate, generally fewer than 60 beats per minute (bpm) in adults |
| Radial Artery | a major, easily palpable artery in the lateral forearm that arises as a terminal branch of the brachial artery in the cubital fossa. |
| Carotid Artery | two major paired blood vessels located on both sides of the neck that supply oxygen-rich blood to the brain, head, and neck. |
| Respiratory Rate | the number of breaths a person takes per minute, typically measured at rest by counting chest rises (inhalation and exhalation) for 60 seconds |
| Breaths per minute | the number of breaths (one inhalation and one exhalation) a person takes in 60 seconds while at rest |
| Inspiration | the drawing in of breath; inhalation. |
| Expiration | exhalation of breath. |
| Blood Oxygen Saturation / Pulse Ox | measures the percentage of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin in the blood compared to unbound hemoglobin, generally ranging from 95–100% in healthy individuals |
| Pulse Oximeter | a non-invasive, typically finger-mounted medical device used to measure oxygen saturation levels in the blood (\(SpO_{2}\)) and pulse rate |
| Oxygen | a colorless, odorless reactive gas, the chemical element of atomic number 8 and the life-supporting component of the air. |
| Carbon Dioxide | a colorless, odorless, non-flammable greenhouse gas essential to life on Earth, composed of one carbon atom covalently bonded to two oxygen atoms |
| Hemoglobin | an iron-rich protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide to the lungs. |
| Erythrocytes | specialized, biconcave-shaped blood cells produced in the bone marrow that lack a nucleus in their mature form |
| Blood Pressure | the force of blood pushing against artery walls as the heart pumps it through the body, measured in millimeters of mercury |
| Sphygmomanometer | an instrument for measuring blood pressure, typically consisting of an inflatable rubber cuff which is applied to the arm. |
| Systole / Systolic | Systole is the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle (specifically the ventricles) contracts, pumping blood out into the arteries. |
| Diastole / Diastolic | Diastole is the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle (ventricles) relaxes, expands, and fills with blood |
| mmHg | the pressure exerted by a column of mercury 1 millimeter high at 0°C |
| Korotkoff Sounds | the pulsating or tapping sounds heard through a stethoscope over the brachial artery when measuring blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer |
| Brachial Artery | the primary, major blood vessel supplying oxygen-rich blood to the upper arm, elbow, and hand |
| Hypertension | Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a chronic condition where the force of blood against artery walls is consistently too high |
| Hypotension | abnormally low blood pressure. |
| Stethoscope | a medical instrument for listening to the action of someone's heart or breathing, typically having a small disk-shaped resonator that is placed against the chest, and two tubes connected to earpieces. |
| Electrocardiogram | a simple, non-invasive, and painless medical test that records the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes attached to the skin |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | Body Mass Index (BMI) is a, screening tool, that uses a person's height and weight to calculate a number, representing a, ratio |
| Current History | the study of events, processes, and societal changes occurring within living memory, generally spanning from approximately 1945 to the present |
| previous History | recorded, chronological account of past events, conditions, or actions relating to a specific subject, person, or entity |
| Social History | the study of the everyday lives, experiences, and social structures of ordinary people, communities, and marginalized groups in the past, |
| Family History | the study of a person’s ancestry, lineage, and, in a medical context, the record of diseases and health conditions within a biological family |
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