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CONTRAST II
Nervous System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Fibers that transmit impulses in the nervous system | Nerves |
| Division of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord | Central Nervous System (CNS) |
| Division of the nervous system composed of cranial and spinal nerves | Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
| Nervous system division responsible for involuntary movements | Autonomic nervous system |
| Nervous system division responsible for voluntary movements | Somatic nervous system |
| Billions of nerve cells that transmit electrical impulses | Neurons |
| The space between neurons where signal transmission occurs; functional junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell. It is the site where chemical transmission occurs. | Synapse |
| Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses, Chemical substances released from the presynaptic neuron that cross the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, allowing signal transmission. | Neurotransmitters |
| Neurotransmitter known as the “happy hormone”; Primarily located in the brain, involved in emotion, motivation, reward, and motor control and often referred to as a “feel-good” neurotransmitter | Dopamine |
| Neurotransmitter primarily found in the intestine (gut) and regulates appetite, mood, and temperature | Serotonin |
| Serves as a conduction pathway between the brain and peripheral nerves and acts as a center for reflex activity | Spinal cord |
| Speed at which some nerve messages can travel (in miles per hour) | 200 miles per hour |
| Clear fluid that protects and cushions "shock absorber" the brain and spinal cord | Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| Protective structure that encloses the brain | Skull |
| Average weight of the human brain | 1500 grams |
| Effective weight of the brain when suspended in cerebrospinal fluid | 500 grams |
| Protective structure that encloses the spinal cord | Spine (vertebral column) |
| Infection characterized by inflammation of the meninges | Meningitis |
| Inflammation of the brain tissue caused by viral infections | Encephalitis |
| Viral infection that attacks motor neurons; caused by the poliovirus, leading to muscle weakness or paralysis | Polio |
| Facial paralysis originating from the 7th cranial nerve | Bell’s palsy |
| Cranial nerve involved in Bell’s palsy | Facial nerve (7th cranial nerve) |
| Neurodegenerative disease characterized by tremors and rigidity | Parkinson’s disease |
| Disease involving demyelination of neurons | Multiple sclerosis |
| Neurodegenerative disorder associated with memory loss | Alzheimer’s disease |
| Sudden interruption of blood supply to the brain | Stroke |
| Temporary stroke-like episode | Transient ischemic attack (TIA) |
| Collection of blood outside the brain following head injury | Subdural hematoma |
| Imaging modality that uses ionizing radiation for skull evaluation | Plain X-ray |
| Field of radiology concerned with imaging of the nervous system | Neuroradiology |
| Year neuroradiology began following Roentgen’s discovery | Early 1900s |
| Imaging technique developed in 1918 to visualize brain ventricles | Ventriculography |
| Imaging technique developed in 1919 using air as contrast | Pneumoencephalography |
| Imaging technique introduced in 1927 by Dr. Egaz Moniz | Arteriography |
| Imaging modality introduced in 1971 that revolutionized neuroradiology | Computed Tomography (CT) |
| Imaging modality introduced in the early 1980s | Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
| Imaging procedure rendered obsolete by CT | Ventriculography and pneumoencephalography |
| Radiographic examination of the brain ventricles after CSF replacement | Ventriculography |
| Radiographic technique where CSF is displaced by air or oxygen | Pneumoencephalography |
| Area where air is introduced during pneumoencephalography | Lumbar area |
| Scientist who discovered x-rays | Wilhelm Roentgen |
| Antiseptic discovered by Joseph Lister on 1863 | Carbolic acid |
| Year Joseph Lister first successfully used carbolic acid | August 12, 1865 |
| Swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure | Papilledema |
| Textbook published in 1912 on skull radiography | Rontgendiagnostik der Erkrankungen des Kopfes |
| Father of neuroradiology and Pioneer of skull radiography | Arthur Schuller |
| Reason soft tissues are poorly visualized on plain x-ray | Low soft-tissue contrast in x-ray imaging |
| Neurologist who attempted artificial pneumorachis and used lumbar oxygen injections to treat meningitis adhesions | Edward Affleck Sharp |
| Therapeutic purpose of early subarachnoid air injections | Resolution of subarachnoid adhesions |
| Surgeon who developed pneumoventriculography | Walter Dandy |
| Institution where Walter Dandy trained | Johns Hopkins University |
| Surgical opening made in the skull for ventricular puncture | Burr hole |
| Skull opening in infants used for ventriculography | Anterior fontanel |
| Condition Dandy investigated in children using ventriculography | Internal hydrocephalus |
| Space indirectly affected by tumors according to Dandy | Subarachnoid space |
| Structure whose obstruction localized a midbrain tumor | Pontine cistern |
| Diagnostic value demonstrated by lumbar interspinous air injections | Localization of intracranial pathology |
| Position of the patient during pneumoencephalography | Sitting position |
| Amount of air injected per increment during the procedure | 5–10 cc of air |
| Purpose of rotating the patient’s body during the procedure | To displace CSF in different ventricular areas |
| Equipment used for rotating patients during pneumoencephalography | Siemens MIMER III / RCT-3 rotating chair |
| Radiologic finding revealed by ventricular deformation | Hydrocephalus or mass lesion |
| Brain condition characterized by tissue loss detected by pneumoencephalography | Brain atrophy |
| Infections: | Meningitis Encephalitis Polio |
| Physical conditions: | Injury Bell’s palsy (originates from the 7th cranial nerve – facial nerve) Carpal tunnel syndrome |
| Degenerative diseases: | Parkinson’s disease Multiple sclerosis Alzheimer’s disease |
| Vascular disorders: | Stroke Transient ischemic attack (TIA) Subdural hematoma (blood collection outside the brain, usually after head injury) |
| Era where non-invasive angiography reduced conventional angiography use and physiologic imaging allowed assessment of brain function happened | Modern era |
| Diagnosis involved two steps: 1. _________________________ Signs of increased intracranial pressure Headache, nausea, papilledema 2. _______________________ Unilateral sensorimotor disturbances Visual field defects Language disturbances | General diagnosis; Local diagnosis |
| In this year, principles remain foundational in skull X-ray imaging | 1912 |
| In this year, Schuller recognized as the father of neuroradiology | 1936 |
| He investigated air introduction into ventricles and subarachnoid space and attempted air injection into dog ventricles shortly after X-ray invention | Arthur Schuller |
| In 1916, they published work on skull radiography for tumor localization | Walter Dandy and George Heuer |
| Procedure of Ventriculography: 1. Ventricular ____________ via burr hole (or anterior fontanel in children) 2. CSF withdrawn using a _____________ with a two-way valve 3. Equal volume of _____ introduced | puncture: syringe; air |
| Initial studies conducted on children (6 months–12 years) with suspected hydrocephalus | Ventriculography |
| This procedure detects hydrocephalus, identifies mass lesions displacing or deforming ventricles and demonstrates brain atrophy | Pneumoencephalography |
Created by:
yulyae