Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
AQA A Biology P2
Genetic technology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adenovirus | Viruses which infect the respiratory tract, by injecting their DNA into epithelial cells of the lungs, so are useful vectors for gene transfer |
| Annealing | Joining of the primers to their complementary bases at the end of the DNA fragment |
| Bacteriophage | A bacteriophage also known informally as a phage is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea. |
| Cellular proteome | refers to the proteins produced by a given type of cell under a certain set of conditions. |
| CFTR | Cystic fibrosis trans-membrane-conductance regulator – chloride ion channel protein controls transport of Chloride ions across epithelial membranes. |
| Complementary DNA (cDNA) | DNA that is complementary to a given RNA which serves as a template for synthesis of the DNA in the presence of reverse transcriptase. |
| Complete proteome | The full range of proteins coded for by the genome. (Identified by gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry). |
| Cycle sequencing | A modified automated version of the Sanger method (12000 bases per min). The four deoxynucleotides are fluorescently labelled, polymerisation in a single tube, resulting mixture separated using capillary electrophoresis in a single narrow tube gel, then r |
| DNA electrophoresis | Method of separating out negatively charged DNA fragments by applying a current. The smaller fragments will move quicker towards the positive anode. |
| DNA hybridisation | Combination of separated DNA strands with the probe, by binding it to the complementary bases on one of the strands. |
| DNA ligase | An enzyme which can join the phosphate-sugar framework of two sections of DNA eg joining sticky ends |
| DNA polymerase | An enzyme which manufactures DNA by joining nucleotides (using a complementary strand as a blueprint). |
| DNA probe | Short, single stranded length of DNA linked to an easily identifiable label eg radioactive or fluorescent probes |
| DNA sequencing | Methods to determine the exact sequence in which the nucleotides are lined up in a piece of DNA eg Sanger sequencing |
| Fragments of DNA | Parts of DNA formed from the break up of larger sections of whole genomes. |
| Gel electrophoresis | Method to separate the radioactively-labelled fragments of DNA after PCR by applying a voltage across a gel matrix, followed by detection using photographic film |
| Gene machine | A computer controlled device that can be programmed to produce short sequences of DNA. |
| Gene replacement | Defective gene is replaced with a healthy gene |
| Gene supplementation | One or more copies of the healthy gene (which are dominant alleles) are added alongside the defective gene, so the effect of the defective gene is masked |
| Gene therapy | Using defective gene replacement using genes cloned from healthy individuals |
| Gene transfer/cloning stages | Isolation of DNA; insertion into vector; transformation into host; identification by gene markers; growth/cloning of host cell population |
| Genetic counselling | Genetic counselling is a communication process with patients that involves discussing the chance of inherited conditions, helping patients to make informed choices about genetic testing and reproductive options, and providing support at a time that can be |
| Genetic fingerprinting | Technique to determine the genetic identity of an organism eg in forensics, paternity cases, diagnostics, breeding programmes in conservation. It depends on an organism’s genome containing repetitive, non-coding introns, which have core sequences unique t |
| Genetic screening | Checking for individuals in a family for a mutant allele eg sickle-cell anaemia |
| Genetic variability | Variation in the DNA of an organism. |
| Genetically modified organism (GMO) | An organism resulting from gene transfer from one organism to another, which has recombinant DNA |
| Germ-line gene therapy | Therapy involving replacing or supplementing the defective gene in the fertilized egg, so all of the cells in the new organism develop normally. Currently prohibited. |
| GM crops | Genetically modified crops changed by insertion of gene eg for resistance, over-fast softening of fruit |
| Human Genome Project | International scientific research project to determine the nitrogenous base pair sequence which make up human DNA, identifying and mapping all the genes of the human genome |
| In vitro | In vitro (meaning: in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context. |
| In vivo | in vivo studies are those conducted in living organisms, including humans, and whole plants. |
| Labelled DNA probe | A known sequence of nucleotide bases from a DNA strand to detect a complementary sequence in the sample by means of base pairing |
| Liposome | A lipid molecule wrapped around a gene, used to allow it across the cell-surface membrane |
| Marker genes | Ways to identify whether a gene has been taken up by a bacterial cell eg using antibiotic resistance, fluorescence or specific enzyme presence. |
| Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) | Faster, more recent sequencing methods that are continually developing and becoming more efficient, powerful and cost effective. |
| Non-coding DNA | Non-coding DNA sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein |
| Oligonucleotide | Short sequence of DNA |
| Palindromic sequence | nucleic acid sequence on double-stranded DNA or RNA where reading the 5' to 3' forward on one strand matches the sequence reading backward 5' to 3' on the complementary strand |
| Personalised medicine | Personalized medicine, precision medicine, or theranostics is a medical model that separates people into different groups—with medical decisions, practices, interventions and/or products being tailored to the individual patient based on their predicted re |
| Plasmid | Plasmids are short circular sections of DNA that can be easily transfered from one bacteria to another. |
| Polymerase chain reaction | Automated method of in vitro cloning in which fragments of DNA are copied very quickly and many billions of times |
| Primer | A short sequence of nucleotides with a set of bases complementary to those at one end of each of the two DNA fragments |
| Promoter | Region of DNA required to allow transcription of the gene to take place. |
| Recombinant DNA | Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be |
| Recombinant DNA Technology (genetic engineering) | Processes by which genes are manipulated, altered or transferred from organism to organism. |
| Replica plating | Method to identify bacterial cells with plasmids carrying antibiotic resistance genes by plating on antibiotic-rich medium |
| Restriction Enzyme (Restriction endonuclease) | Restriction endonuclease: An enzyme from bacteria that can recognize specific base sequences in DNA and cut (restrict) the DNA at that site (the restriction site). |
| Restriction mapping | Cutting DNA with a series of different restriction endonucleases (eg HindIII, BamHI, NotI), then separating the fragments. Distance between recognition sites can be discovered by the patterns of fragments produced. |
| Retrovirus | Eg HIV, a virus containing RNA as genetic material which can replicate by manufacturing complementary DNA. |
| Reverse Transcriptase | Reverse transcriptase, also called RNA-directed DNA polymerase, an enzyme encoded from the genetic material of retroviruses that catalyzes the transcription of retrovirus RNA (ribonucleic acid) into DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
| Sanger Sequencing | Initial method of sequencing genomes that requires terminator nucleotides, free nucleotides, primers, DNA polymerase and result in multiple fragments of varying length, which allows the DNA sequence to be determined. |
| SCID | Severe Combined Immunodeficiency- an example of a genetic disorder which can be helped using gene therapy |
| Somatic-line gene therapy | Therapy involving targeting the damaged tissue itself, so needs to be repeated periodically as cells die and need replacement. |
| Sticky ends | The sequence of nucleotides exposed following an oblique ‘cut’ by a restriction endonuclease |
| Taq Polymerase | Heat stable enzyme that replicates DNA . |
| Terminator | Region of DNA required to stop transcription at the appropriate point |
| Thermocycler | A computer-controlled machine that varies temperatures precisely over a period of time |
| Transformation | Reintroduction of plasmids back into host bacterial cells, by mixing them in a medium containing Calcium ions to increase their permeability |
| Transgenic | relating to or denoting an organism that contains genetic material into which DNA from an unrelated organism has been artificially introduced. |
| Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) | A location in a genome where a short nucleotide sequence is organized as a tandem repeat. |
| Vector | A carrier eg a plasmid or virus |
| Whole-genome (shotgun) sequencing | Focuses on sequencing all of the DNA in an organism’s genome by cutting the DNA into many small, easily sequenced sections then uses computer algorithms to align overlapping segments to assemble the entire genome. |
Created by:
Sprockles