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PRELIM ENVI ENG:
SOLID WASTE PART 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a fundamental component of Civil Engineering practice. While civil engineers are commonly associated with structures, transportation systems, and construction projects, every one of these activities interacts with the natural environment. | Environmental Engineering |
| equips civil engineers with the knowledge and tools needed to design infrastructure that protects public health, preserves environmental quality, and complies with environmental standards | Environmental Engineering |
| it is not a separate or optional discipline. IT'S embedded in the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance. Roads, bridges, buildings, drainage networks, water supply systems, & waste facilities all involve environmental considerations | Environmental Engineering |
| another critical area where Environmental Engineering supports Civil Engineering. Urban growth increases the quantity and complexity of solid waste generated | Solid waste management |
| is an unavoidable byproduct of human activity. Civil engineers design sewer systems and treatment facilities to ensure that wastewater is collected, transported, treated, and disposed of without harming public health or the environment. | Wastewater |
| leads to water pollution, ecosystem damage, and health risks, making this topic central to civil engineering practice | Improper wastewater management |
| they play a key role in designing containment systems and ensuring compliance with safety and environmental standards | civil engineers |
| closely linked to urban infrastructure, transportation systems, and industrial activities—all areas where civil engineers are directly involved. | Air pollution |
| an environmental issue commonly associated with transportation systems, construction activities, and industrial operations. | noise |
| design of treatment plants and containment structures | structural engineering |
| air and noise pollution control | transportation engineering |
| landfill liners and soil contamination | geotechnical engineering |
| waste and pollution management during construction | construction engineering |
| “comprises all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted” | G. Tchobanoglous |
| “A solid material possessing a negative economic value, which suggests that it is cheaper to discard than to use." | J. Pichtel |
| does not include solids or dissolved material in domestic sewage or other significant pollutants in water resources, such as silt, dissolved or suspended solids in industrial wastewater effluents, dissolved materials in irrigation return flows or other co | Volume 40 of The US Code of Federation Regulations (40 CFR 240.101 |
| • Discarded household/commercial waste • Non-hazardous institutional and industrial waste • Street sweepings • Construction debris • Agricultural waste • Other non-hazardous / non-toxic wastes | Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003) |
| what are excluded from solid waste according to RA 9003: | - hazardous waste - infectious medical waste - mining waste |
| Generated within a community from several sources, and not simply by the individual consumer or a household. | Municipal Solid Waste |
| Originates from residential, commercial, institutional and municipal sources. | Municipal Solid Waste |
| Highly heterogeneous and include durable goods (e.g. appliances), non-durable goods (newspapers, office paper), packaging and containers, food wastes, yard wastes and miscellaneous inorganic wastes.(J. Pichtel) | Municipal Solid Waste |
| what are the two categories of municipal solid waste | - garbage - rubbish |
| result from growing, handling, preparation, cooking and consumption of food; putrescible material, i.e. can decompose quickly through microbial reactions to produce bad odours and harmful gases | Garbage |
| non-putrescible; combustible and non-combustible such as cans, papers, brush, glass, cardboard, wood, scrap, metals, beddings, yard clippings, crockery (pottery). | Rubbish |
| Waste that exhibit one of the 4 characteristics of a hazardous waste: ICRT - Ignitability, Corrosivity, Reactivity and Toxicit | Hazardous Waste |
| what is the meaning of ICRT | Ignitability corrosivity reactivity and toxicity |
| Are substances that are w/o any safe commercial, industrial, agricultural or economic usage and are shipped, transported or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal into or in transit through any part of the territory of the Philippines | Hazardous Waste |
| what are hazardous waste: | ➢ Medical Waste ➢ Special Waste ➢ Radioactive Waste ➢ Mining Waste ➢ Agricultural Waste ➢ Industrial Waste |
| may contain pathogens (disease -causing organisms) which include: ➢ Virus ➢ Bacteria ➢ Protozoa ➢ Helminths ➢ Fungi | solid waste |
| who are at risk? | - general public - SWM facility employees |
| Encompasses those activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposal. | waste generation |
| the major waste generator, thus population increase is directly proportional to the amount of waste generated. | man |
| Waste generation rate | 0.79 kg/person/day (2018) |
| The total waste generation in M. Manila has been estimated at ____ tons/day | 6000 |
| Nationwide = _______ tons/day | 36,000 |
| Current collection efficiency rate of domestic SW is ___% | 73 |
| The __________ wastes find their way to esteros, vacant lots, shores, river banks, storm drains and/or burned. | uncollected |
| Excluding manufacturing wastes from prisons and medical wastes from hospitals, SW generated at these facilities are similar to commingled MSW. | Institutional |
| wastes from the construction, remodelling and repairing of individual residences, commercial buildings, and other structures. | construction wastes |
| wastes from razen buildings, broken-out streets, sidewalks, bridges, and other structures. | demolition waste |
| Other community wastes, resulting from the operation and maintenance of municipal facilities and the provision of other municipal services | municipal services |
| solid and semi-solid wastes from water, wastewater, and industrial waste treatment facilities. − The specific characteristics of these materials vary, depending on the nature of the treatment process | Treatment plant wastes |
| materials remaining from the combustion of wood, coal, coke and other combustible wastes | Ashes and residues – |
| These residues are normally composed of fine, powdery materials, cinders, clinkers, and small amounts of burned and partially burned materials | Ashes and residues – |
| also found in the residues from municipal incinerators | glass, crockery, and various metals |
| Residues from power plants are not included in this category because they are handled and processed separately. | Ashes and residues |
| ▪ Solid wastes generated at industrial sites. ▪ Exclude industrial process wastes and any hazardous wastes that may be generated. | Industrial Solid Wastes Excluding Process Wastes |
| Wastes and residues resulting from diverse agricultural activities such as the: − Planting and harvesting of row, field, tree and vine crops; − Production of milk; − Production of animals for slaughter; and − Operation of feedlots. | agricultural wastes |
| a critical problem especially from feedlots and dairies | disposal of animal manure |
| term used to describe the individual components that make up a solid waste stream and their relative distribution, usually based on percent by weight | Composition |
| what are types of materials recovered from msw> | aluminum paper glass plastic |
| window frames, storm doors, siding and gutters. | Secondary aluminum |
| office paper, reproduction paper, computer printout and other grades having a high percentage of long fibers | high grade paper |
| paper with high ground-wood content such as magazines, coated paper and individual grades containing excessive percentage of “outthrows” (papers of lower grades than the grade specified) | mixed paper |
| for food and beverage packing | container glass |
| example of this is window glass | flat glass |
| Soft drink bottles, salad dressing and vegetable oil bottles; photographic film | PETE – Polyethylene terephthalate |
| Milk jugs, water containers, detergent and cooking oil bottles | HPDE high density PE |
| Home landscaping irrigation piping; some food packaging, and bottles. | PVC – Polyvinyl Chloride |
| Soft drink bottles, salad dressing and vegetable oil bottles; photographic film | LDPE – Low density PE |
| Closures and labels for bottles and containers, battery casings, bread and cheese wraps, cereal box liners. | PP – Polypropylene |
| Packaging for electronic and electrical components, foam cups, fast food containers, tablewares and microwave plates. | PS – Polystyrene |
| Multilayered packaging, ketchup and mustard bottles | Others – Multilayered and other special plastics |
| - Largest amount of recycled steel – from large items such as cars and appliances Steel cans – used as juice, soft drink and food containers ‒ Separated from mixed recyclables or MSW using large magnets (which also separate other ferrous metals). | Ferrous metals (iron and steel) |
| From common household items – outdoor furniture, kitchen cookware and appliances, ladders, tools and hardware | non-ferrous metals |
| From construction and demolition projects – copper wire, pipe and plumbing supplies, light fixtures, aluminum siding, gutters and downspouts, doors, windows | non-ferrous metals |
| - From large consumer, commercial & industrial products; appliances, automobiles, boats, trucks, aircraft, machinery - Virtually all non-ferrous metals can be recycled if they are sorted and free of foreign materials such as plastics, fabrics and rubber. | non-ferrous metals |
| Leaves, grass clippings, bush clippings, brush – most commonly composted yard wastes | yard wastes collected separately |
| ‒ Processed to recover marketable items such as: ‒ Wood chips for use as a fuel in biomass combustion facilities. ‒ Aggregate for concrete in construction projects. ‒ Ferrous and non-ferrous metals for remanufacture. ‒ Soil for use as fill material. | Construction and demolition (C&D) wastes |
| The most preferred option is waste avoidance and reduction where the ultimate goal is to reduce the amount of materials entering the waste stream. | reduction |
| The goal of a source ______ program is to decrease the amount and toxicity of material that must be managed by preventing its generation in the first place. | reduction |
| Any change in the design, manufacturing, purchase, or use of materials or products (including packaging) to reduce the amount or toxicity before they become MSW. Source reduction also refers to the reuse of materials (U.S.EPA) | Source reduction |
| Activities that reduce the amount of waste that needs to be disposed of in landfills or incinerated, such as recycling, off-site composting, reuse, reprocessing, and remanufacture. However, waste reduction does not reduce the amount of waste generated | Waste reduction and minimization |
| A source reduction activity where a product, package, or material is recovered and reused while retaining its original form or identity (e.g., refillable bottles, reusable containers, refurbished pallet | Reuse and refurbishing |
| Reducing the amount of a particular material used to package a unit volume of product. | lightweighting packaging |
| The increased generation of a waste material, effectively the opposite of source reduction (U.S.EPA) | Source expansion |
| Considering items serving a similar purpose together. Allows for the quantification of source reduction activity due to material substitution. | Functional product groupings |
| Source reduction can reduce the costs of solid waste management in several ways, primarily by reducing the quantity of waste to be managed, avoided purchasing costs, and collecting revenues from resale of itemsv | economic advantages |
| by transferring information electronically, it is possible to use paper only when a hard copy is desired or necessary. | paperless exchange |
| The problems caused by municipal solid waste typically involve two factors: | volume toxicity |
| __________ have always appeared in household wastes, but since mid-century, as synthetic materials began to replace many traditional materials, the proportion of synthetically derived toxic materials in waste has increased appreciably | toxic materials |
| ‒ Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg). ‒ Hydrocarbons (perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene). ‒ Aromatic compounds (naphthalene, toluene). ‒ Pesticides. | toxic constituents in solid waste |
| Some toxic materials are toxic products discarded once a portion of the product has been used. ▪ Example: ____________ are a good example | Waste paints |
| “Shall refer to the discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics, enginee | SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT |
| Overall concept: Everything must go somewhere. | waste is a resource |
| Defined as the selection and application of suitable techniques, technologies and management programs to achieve specific waste management objectives. 3E’s ▫ Engineering ▫ Education ▫ Enterprise | integrated swm |
| what is the hierarchy of integrated swm from most preferred to least preferred | prevent reduce reuse recycle recover dipose |
| An Act to punish the dumping into any river of refuse matter or substances of any kind whatsoever that may bring about the rise or filling in of river beds or cause artificial alluvial formation. | Commonwealth Act No. 383 |
| Comprehensive program on environment protection and management by establishing specific environmental management policies and prescribing environmental quality standards in the Philippine Environment Code. | PD 1152, Philippine Environment Code |
| Provides the specific guidelines and implementing rules and regulations on liquid waste disposal after physical or chemical treatment in accordance with existing rules and regulations. | PD 984, Pollution Control Law |
| Providing penalty for the improper disposal of garbage and other forms of uncleanliness and for other purposes. | PD 825, Penalty for Improper Garbage Disposal |
| sets rules for refuse disposal in food establishments and standards for markets and abattoirs; requires potable water, sewage systems, septic tanks, and effluent disposal; gives limited guidance on radioactive hospital waste. | PD 856, Code of Sanitation |
| Technical Guidelines for the disposal of municipal solid waste and operates on the premise of eventual phase-out of all open dumps in the country. | DENR Administrative Order 98-49 |
| Procedure for the Identification of Sanitary Landfill sites in view of the imminent phase-out of Open Dumps | DENR Administrative Order 98-50 |
| Providing that infrastructure and development projects normally financed and operated by the public sector, that solid waste management may be wholly or partially implemented by the private sector | RA 6957 amended by RA 7718 (Build-Operate- Transfer Law) |
| Devolving certain powers to the local government units, including that on enforcement of laws on cleanliness and sanitation, preparation of their respective SWM programs, and other environmental matters. | RA 7160, Local Government Code |
| Carries out the policy of the State to “attain and maintain a rational and orderly balance between socio-economic growth and environmental protection.” | PD 1586, Philippine EIS System |
| Implementing Guidelines on Engineering Geological and Geohazard Assessment (EGGA) as additional requirement for ECC application covering subdivision, housing and other land development and infrastructure projects. | DENR AO 2000-28 |
| An Act providing for a comprehensive air pollution control policy and for other purposes | RA 8749 Philippine Clean Air Act |
| promotes sustainable development through a national air pollution program, public and industry cooperation, pollution prevention, and accountability for projects causing environmental harm. | RA 8749 Philippine Clean Air Act |
| Prohibited the use of incinerators for municipal, bio-medical and hazardous wastes. | RA 8749 section 20: ban on incineration |
| Revised Water Usage and Classification | DENR AO 34 |
| Revised Effluent Regulations of 1990 | DENR AO 35 |
| An Act providing for comprehensive water quality management and for other purposes | RA 9275 Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 |
| An Act providing for environmentally-sound techniques of waste recovery, waste utilization, processing and disposal. | RA 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 |
| the primary SWM law providing a comprehensive and ecological program to protect public health and the environment, promote resource conservation and recovery, encourage private sector participation with LGU enforcement, and integrate ESWM into education | RA 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 |
| IRR of RA 9003 With the enactment of RA 9003, all laws, decrees, issuances, rules and regulations or parts thereof that are inconsistent with the provisions of the Act are hereby repealed or modified accordingly. | DENR AO 01-34 |
Created by:
rezzie