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Chapter 4 Key Terms
Intro to Communication Spring 2026
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Language | structured system of symbols used for communicating meaning |
| Phonological rules | deal with the correct pronunciation of a word, and how they vary from language to language |
| Syntactic ruels | govern the order of words within phrases and clauses |
| Pragmatic rules | deal with the implication or interpretations of statements |
| Denotive meaning | the literal meaning of the word as defined by the dictionary |
| Connotative meaning | the ideas or concepts the word suggests in addition to its literal definition |
| Loaded language | words with strongly positive or negative connotations |
| Ambiguous language | making a statement that we can interpret to have more than one meaning |
| Sapir-Whoft hypothesis | proposed idea that language shapes our view of reality |
| Credibility | the extent to which others perceive us to be competent and trustworthy |
| Gossip | the informal and frequently judgmental talk about people who are not present during the conversation |
| Criticism | words that pass judgment on someone or something |
| Treat | a declaration of the intent to harm someone if the receiver does or doesn’t do something specific |
| Persuasion | process of convincing people that they should think or act in a certain way |
| Anchor-and-contrast approach | first draft a request so ambitious that few people agree to it and then after rejection ask for what you really want, the contrast, which will seem more reasonable to most people by comparison to the anchor and thus encourage them to comply |
| Norm of reciprocity | when someone gives you some type of gift or resource, you are expected to return the favor |
| Social validation principle | maintains that people will comply with requests if they believe others are also complying |
| Euphemism | vague, mild expression that symbolizes and substitutes for something that is more blunt or most harsh |
| Slang | use of informal and unconventional words that often are understood only by others in a particular group |
| Jargon | technical vocabulary of a certain occupation or profession |
| Defamation | language that harms a person’s reputation or gives that person a negative image |
| Profanity | language that is considered vulgar, rude, or obscene in the context in which it is used |
| Hate speech | specific form of profanity meant to degrade, intimidate, or dehumanize people based on their sex, national origin, sexual orientation, religion, race, disability status, or political or moral views |
| Civil dialogue | process of engaging in honest, authentic,and respectful conversation with others, even about points of deep-seated disagreement |
| I-statement | claims ownership of what a communicator is feeling or thinking |
| You-statement | shift responsibility to the other person |
| Semantic rules | have to do with the meaning of individual words |
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