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Hug Vocab Unit 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Agriculture | the purposeful cultivation of plants or raising of animals to produce goods for survival |
| Koppen Climate Classifications | |
| Mediterranean Agriculture | an agricultural practice that consists of growing hardy trees and shrubs and raising sheep and goats |
| Subsistence Agriculture | an agricultural practice that provides crops or livestock to feed one's family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more people to care for the crops and livestock |
| Commercial Agriculture | an agricultural practice that focuses on producing crops and raising animals for the market for others to purchase |
| Bid-Rent Theory | a theory that describes the relationships between land value, commercial location, and transportation (primarily in urban areas) using a bid-rent gradient, or slope; used to describe how land costs are determined |
| Intensive Agriculture | an agricultural practice in which farmers expend a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land |
| Monocropping | the cultivation of one or two crops that are rotated seasonally |
| Monoculture | the agricultural system of planting one crop or raising one type of animal annually |
| Crop rotation | the varying of crops from year to year to allow for the restoration of valuable nutrients and the continuing productivity of the soil |
| Plantation Agriculture | a type of large-scale commercial farming of one particular crop grown for markets often distant form the plantation |
| Market Gardening | a type of farming that produces fruits, vegetables and flowers and typically serves a specific market or urban area |
| Mixed Crop and Livestock | a type of farming in which both crops and livestock are raised for profit |
| Extensive Agriculture | an agricultural practice with relatively few inputs and little investment in labor and capital that results in relatively low outputs |
| Shifting Cultivation | the agricultural practice of growing crops or grazing animals on a piece of land for a year or two, then abandoning that land when the nutrients have been depleted from the soil and moving to a new piece of land where the process is repeated |
| Slash and Burn | a method of agriculture in which existing vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown; often used when clearing land |
| Nomadic Herding (Pastoral Nomadism) | a type of agriculture based on people moving their domesticated animals seasonally or as needed to allow the best grazing |
| Transhumance | the movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter |
| Domestication | the deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals, making plants and animals adapt to human demands and using selective breeding to develop desirable characteristics |
| Agricultural Hearth | an area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals |
| Fertile Crescent | a hearth in Southwest Asia that forms an arc from the eastern Mediterranean coast up into what is now western Turkey and then south and east along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to western parts of modern Iran |
| Columbian Exchange | the exchange of goods and ideas between the Americas, Europe, and Africa that began after Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas in 1492 |
| First Agricultural Revolution | the shift from foraging for food to farming about 11,000 years ago, marking the beginning of agriculture |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | a change in farming practices, marked by new tools and techniques, that diffused from Britain and the Low Countries starting in the early 18th century |
| Third Agricultural Revolution | a shift to further mechanization in agriculture through the development of new technology and advances that began in the early 20th century and continues to the present day |
| Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) | a plant or animal with specific characteristics obtained through the manipulation of its genetic makeup |
| Green Revolution | movement beginning in the 1950s and 1960s in which scientists used knowledge of genetics to develop new high-yield strains of grain crops |
| Infrastructure | the many systems and facilities that a country needs in order to function properly |
| Agribusiness | the large-scale system that includes the production, processing and distribution of agricultural products and equipment |
| Hybrid Seeds | the product created by breeding different varieties of species to enhance the most favorable characteristics |
| Vertical Integration | the combining of a company's ownership of and control over more than one stage of the production process of goods |
| Commodity Chain | a network of people, information, processes, and resources that work together to produce, handle, and distribute a commodity or product |
| Farm Subsidies | a form of aid and insurance given by the federal government to certain farmers and agribusinesses |
| Tariffs | a tax or duty to be paid on a particular import or export |
| Von Thunen Model | a model that suggests that perishability of the product and transport costs to the market each factor into the location of agricultural land use and activity |
| Global Supply Chain | a network of people, information, processes, and resources that work together to produce, handle, and distribute goods around the world |
| Cash Crop | a crop produced mainly to be sold and usually exported to larger markets |
| Fair Trade | a movement that tries to provide farmers and workers in peripheral and semi-peripheral countries with a fair price for their products by providing more equitable trading conditions |
| Agricultural Landscapes | a landscape resulting from the interactions between farming activities and a location's natural environment |
| Agroecosystem | an ecosystem modified for agricultural use |
| Deforestation | loss of forested land |
| Terracing | the process of carving parts of a hill or mountainside into small, level growing plots |
| Reservoirs | an artificial lake used to store water |
| Aquifers | layers of sand, gravel, and rocks that contain and can release a usable amount of water |
| Wetlands | an area of land that is covered by water or saturated with water |
| Desertification | a form of land degradation that occurs when soil to deteriorates to a desertlike condition |
| Biodiversity | the variety of organisms living in a location |
| Salinization | the process by which water-soluble salts build up in the soil, which limits the ability of crops to absorb water |
| Biotechnology | the variety of organisms living in a location |
| Precision Agriculture | a farming management concept that uses technology to apply inputs with pinpoint accuracy to specific parts of fields to maximize crop yields, reduce waste, and preserve the environment |
| Food Security | reliable access to safe and nutritious food that cans support an active and healthy lifestyle |
| Food Insecurity | the disruption of food intake or eating patterns because of poor access to food |
| Suburbanization | the shifting of population away from cities into surrounding suburbs |
| Food Deserts | area where residents lack access to healthy, nutritious, foods, because stores selling these foods are too far away |
| Economy of Scale | cost reductions that occur when production rises |
Created by:
Violet Snave