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matter, energy,
and radiation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is matter? | Anything that occupies space and has mass. |
| What are atoms? | The fundamental building blocks of matter, arranged in various complex ways. |
| How is mass defined? | The quantity of matter contained in any physical object, measured in kilograms. |
| What is weight? | The force exerted on a body under the influence of gravity. |
| What is energy? | The ability to do work, measured in joules (SI), with electron volts (eV) often used in radiology. |
| What is potential energy? | The ability to do work by virtue of position. |
| What is kinetic energy? | The energy of motion. |
| What is chemical energy? | Energy released by a chemical reaction. |
| What is electrical energy? | The work done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference (voltage). |
| What is thermal energy? | The energy of motion at the molecular level. |
| What is nuclear energy? | The energy contained within the nucleus of an atom. |
| What is electromagnetic energy? | The type of energy used in x-ray imaging. |
| What does Einstein's mass-energy equivalence equation state? | E = mc², where E is energy, m is mass, and c is the speed of light in a vacuum. |
| What is ionizing radiation? | Radiation capable of removing an orbital electron from an atom. |
| What occurs during ionization? | An x-ray passes close to an orbital electron and transfers sufficient energy to remove it from the atom. |
| What are ion pairs? | A negative ion (electron) and a positive ion (remaining atom) formed during ionization. |
| What are the two main categories of ionizing radiation sources? | Natural environmental radiation and man-made radiation. |
| What is the average annual radiation dose for a U.S. citizen? | 6.2 mSv. |
| What is radon? | The largest source of natural environmental radiation, a radioactive gas produced by the decay of uranium. |
| What constitutes the largest man-made source of ionizing radiation? | Diagnostic and interventional x-rays (3.0 mSv/yr). |
| Who discovered x-rays? | Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen on November 8, 1895. |
| What was the first x-ray exam in the U.S.? | Conducted in a physics lab at Dartmouth College in early February 1896. |
| What are the three general types of x-ray exams? | Radiography, fluoroscopy, and CT (Computed Tomography). |
| What is the purpose of high voltage and electric current in x-ray imaging? | To provide an x-ray beam for imaging. |
| What is the significance of the fluoroscope? | Developed in 1898 by Thomas A. Edison; it was an early device for x-ray imaging. |
| What advancements were made in x-ray technology in 1913? | William D. Coolidge unveiled the hot-cathode x-ray tube. |
| What imaging modalities were developed in the 1960s and 1970s? | Diagnostic ultrasound, gamma camera, PET, and CT. |
| When did magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) become a modality? | In the 1980s. |
| What imaging modality became prominent in the 1980s? | Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
| What technologies are replacing screen-film radiography? | Digital radiography and Digital fluoroscopy |
| What was the first x-ray fatality in the U.S.? | Clarence Dally in 1904 |
| What types of injuries were reported due to long exposure times in radiology? | Skin damage, hair loss, and anemia |
| What blood disorders were some radiologists developing? | Aplastic anemia and leukemia |
| What principle should be practiced to minimize radiation exposure? | ALARA: Keep radiation exposures as low as reasonably achievable |
| What is the sensitivity of human fetuses to x-rays? | They are sensitive to x-rays early in pregnancy |
| What are some examples of basic radiation protection methods? | Protective apparel, gonadal shielding, protective barriers, filtration, collimation |
| What is the prefix for 10^18? | Exa- (E) |
| What is the prefix for 10^-9? | Nano- (n) |
| What is the customary unit for radiation exposure? | Roentgen (R) |
| What is the SI unit for absorbed dose? | Gray (Gyt) |
| What is the unit for effective dose in radiation monitoring? | Sievert (Sv) |
| What does the unit Becquerel (Bq) measure? | The quantity of radioactive material |
| How is one becquerel defined? | The quantity of radioactivity in which a nucleus disintegrates every second |
| What does air kerma (Gya) measure? | The kinetic energy transferred from photons to electrons during ionization and excitation |
| What is the relationship between air kerma (Gya) and absorbed dose (Gyt)? | For a given air kerma, the absorbed dose depends on the type of tissue being irradiated |
| What is the conversion factor to obtain Gya from R? | Multiply R by 0.01 |
| What is the conversion factor to obtain Gyt from rad? | Multiply rad by 0.01 |
| What is the conversion factor to obtain Sv from rem? | Multiply rem by 0.01 |
| What is the significance of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU)? | They issued standard units based on SI that have been adopted by countries except the U.S. |
| What is the unit of radioactivity? | Becquerel (Bq) |
| What does the effective dose account for? | Partial-body radiation exposure |
| What is the SI unit for radioactivity? | Becquerel (Bq) |
| What is the absorbed dose in terms of energy per unit mass? | Radiation energy absorbed per unit mass, measured in J/kg or Gyt |
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