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Patho Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is urticaria | hives |
| A client presents with discoloration of his fingers and toes after sitting in an air-conditioned room for several hours. What would the client likely to be diagnosed with? | Raynaud phenomenon |
| A chronic functional disease of the sebaceous glands is called cradle cap in an infant. What is it known as in an adult? | Seborrheic dermatitis |
| When a person comes in contact with a substance that they are allergic or sensitive to, they can develop an acute inflammation of the skin. What type of dermatitis is this? | Contact dermatitis |
| A client has an inflammation of the skin accompanied with intense itching. There are lesions on her face, neck, knees, and elbows. What might be the diagnoses? | Atopic dermatitis |
| Which of the following statements about psoriasis is true? | Psoriasis most commonly occurs between ages 15 and 50. |
| The skin consists of three layers. What are these layers called? | Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers |
| A 17-year-old youth has comedos, papules, and pustules on his face. What diagnosis might the dermatologist make? | Acne vulgaris |
| Which of the following is a treatment of furuncles and carbuncles? | Cleansing with soap and water and using wet, hot compresses |
| Which of the following individuals would not be at high risk of developing decubitus ulcers? | Those wearing tight clothing |
| What are the horny indurations and thickening of the stratum corneum of the skin called? | Corns |
| A client comes into the office with a wart. Which of the following is a treatment option? | Surgical excision and keratolytic agents |
| What is the progressive, chronic, systemic disease of the skin exhibiting Raynaud phenomenon called? | Scleroderma |
| Skin infections that are the result of infestation by the itch mite have reached epidemic proportions in some parts of the world. What is the name of this infection that is most common in children under 2 years of age? | Scabies |
| Which of the following statements about latex allergies is not true? | There will only be mild signs and symptoms. |
| Cosmetic surgery was at one time a luxury for the rich and famous. Which of the following procedures is the most popular in today’s society? | Botox |
| Women account for the vast majority of cosmetic surgery clients. Which of the following procedures is the most common among women? | Liposuction |
| Which of the following is true regarding rosacea? | It may be genetic or environmental in etiology. |
| A client has rosacea. Upon examination of her face, the physician observes small vessels on the cheek and a swollen nose. Which of the three phases of rosacea is the client experiencing? | Vascular rosacea |
| Abrade | Skin that is chaffed or roughened |
| Comedo | Blackheads |
| Keratin | Fibrous protein that gives skin its flexibility |
| Keratolytic | Agents to cleanse or peel the skin |
| Melanin | Pigment that gives skin its color |
| Papule | Solid elevation less than 1 cm |
| Pustule | Small raised areas of skin filled with pus |
| Pyoderma | An acute, pus-causing, inflammatory skin disease |
| Raynaud phenomenon | Discoloration of fingers or toes after exposure to changes in temperature |
| Rhinophyma | Nose becomes enlarged and misshapen |
| What are flat, discolored, circumcised skin lesions of any size called ? | Macules |
| A child presented to the clinic with skin lesion on his face that ruptured and formed yellow crust. The child was diagnosed with impetigo. What is the etiology of this condition? | Streptococcus or Staphylococcus bacteria |
| A female patient presented to demonology clinic with skin lesion of two months. She has discrete pink lesions surmounted by a characteristic silvery scaling. What is her most likely diagnosis? | Psoriasis |
| What is the best prevention of contact dermatitis? | Avoidance of known irritants or allergens |
| Which of the following may be treatments for alopecia? | Surgical autografting / Finasteride / Minoxidil preparations |
| What is horny indurations (hardened tissue) of the stratum corneum of the skin called? | Corn |
| An elderly male patient complaining of an itchy scalp and neck. During physical exam, the primary care physician noticed head lice on patient's neck and hair. What is this type of infestation called? | Pediculosis capitis |
| The most common skin cancers are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. What is the ultimate goal of the treatment? | Completely eradicate the lesions |
| A construction worker presented to the clinic with skin lesion over his face. A biopsy is done of a suspicious skin lesion to determine the diagnosis. What type of lesion has irregular borders and diversity of colors? | Malignant melanoma |
| A 68 years old male patient presented to the clinic with acute inflammatory eruption of highly painful vesicles on his left side of his chest. What is the most likely diagnosis? | Herpes zoster |
| The PCP described the lip lesions as small in size and pale vesicles appearing in clusters. The patient was diagnosed with cold sores (fever blisters). What is the etiology of this condition? | Herpes simplex virus type 1 |
| Patient complaining of severe wrist pain. She tripped and fell down the step to her driveway and put out her hand to break the fall. The wrist is x-rayed and a break is found. What type fracture is identified on the medical record? | Colles fracture |
| What is the likely prognosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)? | Much improved with early detection and careful treatment |
| Of the spinal deformities described below, identify the one that most refers to an abnormal inward curve of a portion of the spine, commonly known as swayback. | Lordosis |
| Which of the following best identifies the major differences between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)? | RA is chronic, systemic, and inflammatory and affects the synovial membranes of multiple joints; osteoarthritis is a chronic inflammatory process of joints and bones resulting in degeneration of joint cartilage and new bone formation. |
| Pt experiencing foot pain as soon as he gets out of bed and can stand for only about 3 hours in the operating room without a great deal of discomfort. | Plantar fasciitis |
| Why is it important to treat both bursitis and tendonitis as soon as possible? | Early treatment prevents surgical intervention or debility and calcification. |
| What are three of the most common diagnostic tools used in determining bone disorders? | X-rays, bone scans, and MRI |
| Rich is a 43-year-old busy defense attorney. He is stunned by the news that he has Paget disease. His first symptom was having to increase the fit on the baseball cap he wears on weekends. What are the possible complications that are so worrisome to Rich? | Hypercalcemia, kidney stones, congestive heart failure, bone cancer |
| Which of the following best describes the appendicular skeleton? | Bones of the limbs, shoulders, and pelvic girdle |
| The radiologist was able to diagnose a common ailment from the x-ray that showed a tearing of a ligament surrounding the ankle joint of his client. What is the diagnosis? | Sprain |
| Lucy is 58 and suffers from lupus (presently in remission), but she is beginning to have difficulties going up and down the stairs to her apartment and at her place of work. What might these symptoms indicate? | Polymyositis |
| Marge suffers from a chronic disease that makes it very difficult to get hugs when she goes to a family celebration. What is the most likely disease? | Fibromyalgia |
| What is the chronic, progressive neuromuscular disease that produces sporadic weakness and exhaustion of skeletal muscles called? | Myasthenia gravis |
| What is the classic symptom of a bone neoplasm? | Dull, localized bone pain |
| What are the most common symptoms of any disorder of the musculoskeletal system? | Pain, fatigue and weakness, tenderness and swelling |
| What is the name of the disease that destroys cartilage, erodes bone, and deforms joints? | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Raynaud phenomenon | Intermittent interruptions of blood supply to the fingers and toes |
| Ankylosis | Immobility of joint |
| Crepitation | Crackling sound due to the grating of bones |
| Scoliosis | Spinal fusion with bone grafts and metal rods may be necessary |
| DEXA | Measures bone density |
| Paresthesia | Sensation of numbness, prickling, or tingling |
| Osteomyelitis | Often caused by trauma and Staphylococcus infection |
| Pinched nerve | Inhibits conduction of nerve impulse from spinal cord to brain |
| Tennis elbow | Bursitis of the olecranon |
| Tophi | Urate crystal deposits |
| He went to the urgent care and the physician suspected an intervertebral herniated disk. What is the first test to confirm his suspicions? | Straight-leg-raising test |
| Osteoporosis is a metabolic bones disease resulting in low bone mass density. Who are at a higher risk of risk for developing osteoporosis? | Postmenopausal women |
| Pt has symptoms of pain in his right leg, fever and sweating. bone tenderness, redness and swelling. Dr. orders culture and imaging tests. Which of the following test will help to prove and helping to determine the site and extent of infection? | X-ray, bone scan, or MRI of infected area |
| A child has rickets (softening and weakening of bones) due to Vitamin deficiency. The Nurse practitioner suspects a fracture of the radius and orders X-ray . What type of fracture is common in rickets? | Greenstick |
| Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory arthritis affecting the spine and large joints. It affects male than females. What is the best definition of ankylosis? | Immobility of a joint |
| The treatment for myasthenia gravis includes: | Anticholinesterase drugs; possible thymectomy |
| Vertebral deformity the results in excessive outward curvature of the spine is called: | Kyphosis |
| A 45 male patient presented to the ED with sudden onset of excruciating in his left big toe. His lab tests indicates he has disorder of uric acid metabolism. What is the most likely diagnosis? | Gout |
| A patient presented to the urgent care with possible sprain or strain. What is the first step of the treatment? | Resting and elevating the affected part |
| Can you name the two main divisions of the nervous system? | Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system |
| How do you describe the basic unit of the nervous system—the neuron? | The neuron conducts electrochemical impulses and reacts to physical and chemical surroundings. |
| What is the best description of the cranial nerves? | There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that are a part of the peripheral nervous system. |
| A first-aid instructor is identifying the difference between a concussion and a contusion for a class. What distinction might be made? | A contusion creates a serious bruise from the twisting and shearing forces against the brain; a concussion causes the brain to strike and rebound from the skull. |
| Can you recall the possible treatment for an acute subdural hematoma? | A craniotomy may be necessary to drain accumulating blood and control blood flow. |
| 3 mo old would not eat, had vomited twice, and seems really listless. The ER physician notes bloodshot eyes and dilated pupils that do not respond to light. What might be the cause? | Abusive head trauma |
| What are the important considerations to recall when treating spinal cord injuries? | Restore spinal alignment, stabilize injured spine, decompress neurological structures, and start rehabilitation. |
| What are the major causes of hemiplegia? | Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), TBI, or brain tumor |
| What is the one very important piece of information to remember about acute bacterial meningitis? | It is a medical emergency. |
| Harley has peripheral neuropathy as the result of his diabetes. He has found complementary therapy as helpful as any treatment for his discomfort. What are these therapies? | Biofeedback, acupuncture, water therapy, and tai chi |
| Pt had FAST technique used on her but patient's mouth was drooping on one side and one eyelid was nearly closed over her eye. What information did the neighbor give when she called 911? | has some signs of either CVA or Bell palsy and needs a professional assessment. |
| What happens in the brain during a brain attack? | An occlusion or hemorrhage denies adequate blood flow to the brain, causing necrosis. |
| A cerebral aneurysm occurs when a brain artery balloons. Of the two forms of treatment, can you describe the least invasive? | Place tiny flexible coils inside a catheter to fill the aneurysm, stopping blood flow and rupture |
| Your son suffers a seizure that seems like epilepsy. Other than a complete physical and history, including head trauma, what steps will be used to diagnose the seizure? | Neurological exam, electroencephalogram, computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging |
| What is the recognized treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)? | Treatment is mostly symptomatic—give emotional and physical support. |
| What is the prognosis for restless leg syndrome (RLS)? | It is lifelong, and many suffer from periodic limb movement disorder. |
| Why is the thalamus section of the brain so important? | It helps regulate sleep, consciousness, and activity. |
| Agnosia | Inability to understand auditory or visual information |
| Agraphia | Inability to turn thought into writing |
| Bradykinesia | Abnormally slow movements |
| Diplopia | Double vision |
| Foramen magnum | Opening in the occipital bone |
| Mitochondria | Makes energy in a cell |
| Photophobia | Flashing lights before one’s eyes |
| Ribosomes | Builds proteins in a cell |
| Contracture | Fibrosis of connective tissue that prevents normal mobility |
| Anticholinergic | An agent that blocks parasympathetic nerve impulses |
| What causes migraine headache? | When there are changes in cerebral blood flow |
| Sandra was curious to know what is the difference between a tension headache and a migraine headache. What is the difference? | The prognosis of a migraine varies because there is no specific treatment or prevention for migraines as there is for tension headaches. |
| Sandr's PCP prescribes Triptan which is a pain medication for her migraine headache. What warnings might be given? | Do not add either acetaminophen or NSAIDs to this prescription because of their cumulative effect. |
| What are etiologies of meningitis? | Viral, bacterial, chronic, and acute |
| A patient presented to the emergency department with weakness of his left hand. His signs and symptoms fully resolved in less than 24 hours. What is his diagnosis? | Transient ischemic attacks |
| Alzheimer disease , the most common form of dementia. The disease mainly mainly elderly persons, with one in eight having Alzheimer disease over age 65. What is the etiology of this disease? | Autoimmunity, viral cellular changes, and family history of Alzheimer are suspected causes. |
| A 60 year old male presented with symptoms of signs of progressive muscle rigidity, slow movement (bradykinesia), involuntary tremors and fixed facial expression. What is the most likely diagnosis? | Parkinson disease |
| What are the possible etiologies of multiple sclerosis (MS), which is a chronic and progressive nervous system disease that destroys the myelin sheath? | Autoimmune disorder, genetics, and/or lack of vitamin D |
| He worked rotating shifts for many years, has trouble sleeping at night, and lately falls asleep anywhere, any time. What might be the diagnosis and what tests might be ordered? | Narcolepsy is suspected; a sleep study and sleep questionnaire are likely ordered. |
| Where do the nervous system and the endocrine system meet to communicate and coordinate the body’s work? | They meet in the hypothalamus. |
| What is the name of the gland considered to be the master gland because of its action upon so many different hormones? | The pituitary gland |
| What disease is chronic, disfiguring, and life-shortening due to the overgrowth of bones and soft tissues as the result of hypersecretion of hGH in adulthood? | Acromegaly |
| What is the name of the surgical procedure to remove a tumor of the pituitary gland in order to shut off hypersecretion of hGH? | The procedure is called transsphenoidal and makes an incision through the nose to remove a tumor. |
| Jess is experiencing unusual symptoms. His libido is greatly reduced, and he is losing his facial and body hair, is tired all the time, cannot stand the cold of winter, and has really stiff joints. These symptoms are descriptive of what problem? | Hypopituitarism |
| When hypopituitarism is described, what hormones are usually deficient or absent? | Gonadotropin and hGH |
| He is always thirsty and his urine is nearly colorless. What do these symptoms suggest? | Diabetes insipidus |
| What causes simple goiter? | Hyperplasia of the thyroid gland because of insufficient T3 and T4 hormones levels |
| What is the name for a serious complication of untreated Graves disease that causes fever, sweating, tachycardia, pulmonary edema, and congestive heart failure? | Thyroid storm |
| When a blood test reveals elevated immunoglobulin levels and antibodies to thyroid antigens, what is the likely diagnosis? | Hashimoto thyroiditis |
| Patient is being treated with radioactive iodine therapy. What will they need to know about this type of therapy? | This therapy kills remaining cancer cells, but Bruce cannot have close contact with his grandchildren or his pregnant daughter for 4 to 6 days. |
| What are the signs and symptoms of hyperparathyroidism? | Weak, brittle bones and joint pain |
| What is the recommended treatment of hypoparathyroidism? | It usually consists of lifelong vitamin D and calcium supplementation. |
| What are the symptoms of Cushing syndrome? | Moon-shaped face with acne and “buffalo” hump on upper back |
| Patient has adrenal insufficiency and is under stress. At home, he begins to have severe vomiting and diarrhea, lower back pain, severe stomachache, hypotension, and a feeling that he might pass out. What is likely happening to Jerry? | He is experiencing an Addisonian crisis. |
| Patient is eating “like a horse” but losing weight, goes to the bathroom all the time, and drinks lots of water. She complains that she feels she needs new contact lenses, because things are kind of blurry. These symptoms may describe what condition? | Diabetes mellitus |
| Treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome likely includes which of the following? | Medications to regulate the menstrual cycle and reduce risk of other diseases |
| Adenohypophysis | Anterior portion of the pituitary gland |
| Adenoma | Tumor of glandular epithelial tissue |
| Exophthalmos | Protruding eyeballs |
| Glycosuria | Glucose in the urine |
| Hyperglycemia | Abnormally high levels of glucose concentration in the blood |
| Hyperkalemia | High blood levels of potassium |
| Hirsutism | Excessive hair growth in women where it normally does not grow |
| Ketoacidosis | Unusually high levels of ketones in the blood |
| Goitrogens | Substances that suppress thyroid function |
| Polydipsia | Excessive thirst |
| Polyphagia | Eating abnormally large amounts of food |
| Retinopathy | Disease of the retina |
| Iatrogenic | Caused by medical treatment |
| Tetany | Painful muscle contractions; nervous condition |
| Vasopressin | Helps to regulate the amount of fluid the kidneys release as urine |
| The main difference between the nervous and endocrine systems function is: | Hormones from ductless glands act upon target organs while billions of nerve cells regulate and coordinate body activities. |
| Hyper secretion of the Growth hormone causes which diseases? | Gigantism and acromegaly |
| Insufficient secretion of Antiduiretic hormone causes: | Diabetes insipidus |
| Raynaud phenomenon | Intermittent interruptions of blood supply to the fingers and toes |
| Ankylosis | Immobility of joint |
| Crepitation | Crackling sound due to the grating of bones |
| Scoliosis | Spinal fusion with bone grafts and metal rods may be necessary |
| DEXA | Measures bone density |
| Paresthesia | Sensation of numbness, prickling, or tingling |
| Osteomyelitis | Often caused by trauma and Staphylococcus infection |
| Pinched nerve | Inhibits conduction of nerve impulse from spinal cord to brain |
| Tennis elbow | Bursitis of the olecranon |
| Tophi | Urate crystal deposits |
| Palpation of the neck during physical or dental exam is to check for: | Thyroid enlargement or nodules |
| What are the common signs and symptoms of myxedema? | Fatigue, muscle cramps, mental clouding |
| What of the two different conditions with hypothyroidism? | It is called cretinism when the condition is congenital and myxedema when acquired in adulthood. |
| What is the cause of type 1 Diabetes mellitus? | Etiology is essentially unknown, but autoimmune and genetic connections are suspected. |
| if Diabetes Mellitus in untreated , it can cause two main emergency situations which are: | Diabetic coma and insulin shock |
Created by:
ericmichaelperkins