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D564
distinguishing between each theorist
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the core assumption of the factor‑analytic approach to personality? | Personality consists of measurable traits identified through statistical analysis. |
| What statistical method is central to factor‑analytic personality theory? | Factor analysis. |
| Which theorist proposed cardinal, central, and secondary traits? | Gordon Alport |
| What is a cardinal trait? | A dominant trait that defines a person’s life (rare). |
| Which theorist developed the 16 Personality Factors (16PF)? | Raymond Cattell. |
| Which theorist proposed the PEN model of personality? | Hans Eysenck. |
| What does PEN stand for in Eysenck’s theory? | Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism. |
| Which modern trait model emerged from factor analysis? | The Big Five (OCEAN). |
| What does OCEAN stand for? | Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. |
| What is the core belief of biological personality theories? | Personality is rooted in genetics and brain processes. |
| Which theorist linked extraversion to cortical arousal levels? | Hans Eysenck. |
| According to Eysenck, why are introverts less stimulation‑seeking? | They have higher baseline cortical arousal. |
| Who proposed Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory? | Jeffrey Gray. |
| What does BIS stand for? | Behavioral inhibition system |
| What does BAS stand for? | Behavioral activation system |
| High BAS sensitivity is most associated with what traits? | Impulsivity and reward‑seeking. |
| What is the main assumption of humanistic personality theory? | Humans are inherently good and motivated toward growth. |
| Which theorist emphasized the self‑concept? | Carl Rogers |
| What is unconditional positive regard? | Acceptance and love without conditions. |
| According to Rogers, psychological health depends on what? | Congruence between the real self and ideal self. |
| Which theorist proposed the hierarchy of needs? | Abraham Maslow |
| Which needs must be met before self‑actualization? | Basic physiological, safety, love/belonging, and esteem needs. |
| Which theorist is considered the founder of behaviorism? | John B. Watson. |
| According to Watson, what shapes personality most? | The environment |
| Which theorist developed operant conditioning? | B.F. Skinner. |
| Which theorist introduced observational learning? | Albert Bandura |
| Which approach emphasizes free will and personal meaning? | Humanistic. |
| Gordon Allport's 3 categories of trait | Cardinal, central, secondary traits |
| Which structure of personality does the id relate to? | primitive, biological drives |
| 16PF | a personality assessment developed by Raymond Cattell based on the 16 factors, designed to measure an individual's personality traits on a continuum |
| Cattells 16 factors | warmth, reasoning, emotional stability, dominance, liveliness, rule-consciousness, social boldness, sensitivity, vigilance, abstractedness, privateness, apprehension, openness to change, self-reliance, perfectionism, and tension |
| temperament | observable behavioral and emotional patterns in infancy and later, serving as early indicators of an individual's biologically based personality |
| How does evolutionary psychology emphasize the role of adaptive differences in the study of personality? | By exploring traits considered universal and emphasizing adaptive differences for survival and reproduction |
| What was the significance of Dollard and Miller's psychoanalytic learning theory? | They studied Freud's ideas using the scientific method. |
| What are the aspects of Dol lard and Miller's psychoanalytic learning theory that can have an impact on learning? | conflict and anxiety |
| psychological behaviorism | Arthur Staats's theory that describes personality as learned behavior and consists of basic behavioral patterns |
| Who proposed that behavior can be understood in terms of chaining, discrimination, generalization, and reinforcement schedules? | BF Skinner |
| Which theorist proposed a theory of personality based on environmental determinants of behavior? | BF Skinner |
| How can a therapist offer unconditional positive regard to a client who abuses their spouse? | By focusing on the client as a whole rather than their behavior |
| What is Robert Cloninger's temperament and character inventory? | Genetic and environmental factors determine personality |
| According to Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory, what tendency shapes an infant's personality? | Approach and avoidance responses are the foundation of an infant's personality traits |
| reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) | Jeffrey Gray's theory emphasizing the role of the brain's reward and punishment systems in shaping individual differences in personality traits |
| What is Allport's approach to individual differences? | some traits are shared while others are unique |
| How does Cattell describe adaptation and adjustment? | An inclination toward negative emotions and emotional instability can lead people to maladjustment. |
| Which trait has a positive out come on well-being, according to positive psychology? | active coping |
| Which characteristic does a fully functioning person dis play when they rely on their inner guide to dictate behavior, according to Rogers? | organismic trust |
| organismic trust | Organismic trust refers to a person’s ability to trust their own inner experiences—such as emotions, instincts, bodily sensations, and personal judgments—as reliable guides for behavior and decision‑making |
| who is the founder of humanistic psychology? | Carl rogers |
| What does motivation provide to behavior? | motivation and energy |
| The three Ds of personality theories | Description, Development, Dynamics |
| Which approach uses qualitative groupings and no partial membership? | type approach |
| Which approach uses quantitative measurement on scales? | trait approach |
| What term did Allport use for the self? | the proprium |
| Allport’s approach is also called what? | the personological approach |
| Cardinal traits are.. | rare, dominant traits |
| Central traits are... | core traits that make up the foundation of personality |
| Secondary traits are... | Less consistent, appear in specific situations (ex. food preferences) |
| Ego‑enhancement stage (Allport) | Development of pride in accomplishments. |
| Self‑identity stage (Allport) | Recognition of oneself as a distinct individual. |
| Rational agent stage (Allport) | Ability to plan and make intentional decisions. |
| What is factor analysis? | A statistical method used to identify underlying trait dimensions |
| Surface traits vs. source traits | Surface traits are observable behaviors; source traits are underlying causes. |
| How did Jung define synchronicity?: | A manifestation from the collective unconsciousness to explain illogical and meaningful phenomena |
| What is Robert Cloninger's temperament and character inventory? | Genetic and environmental factors determine personality |
| According to Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory, what tendency shapes an infant's personality? | Approach and avoidance responses are the foundation of an infant's personality traits |
| How does Cattell describe adaptation and adjustment? | An inclination toward negative emotions and emotional instability can lead people to maladjustment. |
| Which change did Rogers propose for education based on the person-centered approach? | Increase the use of narratives |
| What is one of the evolved psychological mechanisms, as proposed by David Buss?: | Environmental fears |
| Who proposed a biological model of personality based on Pavlov's analysis of strong and weak nervous systems? | Hans Eysnck |
| Why does Maslow's work in humanistic psychology challenge traditional scientific methods of inquiry? | It emphasizes subjective experience, which is difficult to study with traditional methods. |
| Who proposed that optimal development requires specific parenting styles based on a child's temperament? | Jerome Kagan |
| Which instrument measures a person's positive characteristics and what matters to them? | The Values in Action Inventory of Strengths |
| How are Maslow's theories helpful to someone hoping to make a career change? | The person can apply the hierarchy of needs to identify which type of work would help them fulfill their higher-level needs. |
| Which influential figure in the history of personality theories differentiated fluid intelligence from crystallized intelligence? | Raymond Cattell |
| Which theory from Walter Mischel caused controversy within the field of personality psychology? | The person-situation theory |
| Which concept proposed by Albert Bandura notes that a person, their environment, and their behaviors all influence each other? | Reciprocal determinism |
| What did Albert Bandura define as the four types of observational learning processes? | Motivational, reproduction, retention, attention, |
| Who developed a theory of personality proposing that situation-behavior relationships are what define traits? | Walter Mischel |
| When does the concept of reciprocal determinism take place? | When a person is influenced by cognitive processes, behavior, and context interaction |
| cognitive affective personality system (CAPS) model | Mischel's model for predicting behavior, which consists of several CAUs like encoding strategies, personal constructs, expectancies, affects, goals and values, and competencies and self-regulatory plans |
| cognitive affective units (CAUs): | instead of traits, Mischel proposed CAUs as person variables, including competencies, encoding strategies, and personal constructs that contribute to understanding behavior |
| According to Mischel, how do goals shape an individual's personality? | By affecting the self-regulation process |
| What did Bandura believe was the difference between performance and learning? | That reinforcement provides incentives for performance but is not necessary for learning |
| Which statement identifies an important concept in the social-cognitive perspective of personality? | There are mutual influences among the person, their behavior, and their environment |
| What is the significance of Mischel's consistency paradox in personality? | It explains why people's behavior can vary widely while their overall personality remains the same throughout their lives. |
| How does Mischel explain self-regulatory systems? | Through cognitive processes |
| mastery experiences: | a concept in Albert Bandura's theory referring to personal successes and achievements that contribute to an individual's self-efficacy or self-belief in their capabilities |
| vicarious experiences: | experiences where an individual learns by observing and identifying with others who have successfully achieved certain goals or overcome challenges |
| How do individuals regulate their behavior, according to Mischel's theory? | Self-imposed goals and self-produced consequences regulate behavior |
| What is Bandura's approach to cognitive processes? | Behavior is predicted best by measuring thought processes. |
| Which personality theorist proposed that behavioral modeling has major implications for society? | Albert Bandura |
| Whose theory addresses the theoretical issue of cognitive processes by proposing that self-regulatory systems are central to personality? | Walter Mischel |
| What is one important aspect of the social-cognitive view of behavior? | Personality traits are not reliable predictors of behavior across many situations. |
| What is the fourth force, according to Maslow? | Transpersonal psychology |
| Which part of the humanistic approach has been criticized for its theory on personality development? | The belief that people are innately good |
| Who proposed that people begin development with basic motivations com parable to those of animals? | Abraham Maslow |
| . positive psychology | an approach to therapy that builds on Abraham Maslow's ideas, with a focus on optimistic traits at the individual and institutional levels |
| What are the key characteristics of becoming a fully functioning person, according to Maslow and Rogers? | Having free will and self-determination |
| What was Cattell's focus in advancing the field of personality theory? | Distinguishing between surface and source traits |
| Which two intelligences are categorized by inherited intelligence and life long learning? | Fluid and crystallized |
| What is fluid intelligence? | The ability to reason, think abstractly, and solve new problems without relying on prior knowledge or experience |
| What is crystallized intelligence? | The ability to use knowledge and skills gained through experience, education, and learning. |
| What is the organismic valuing process? | Internal experiences foster growth unless external obstacles hinder the natural process of development |
| . Who proposed that individuals differ in the conditions they perceive they must live up to? | Carl Rogers |
| Which theorist claimed that parents should raise children with unconditional positive regard? | Carl Rogers |
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