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Chapter 5
Learners with intellectual and developmental disabilities
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Natural Supports | Resources in person's environment that can be used for support, such as friends, family, and co-workers. |
| Adaptive behavior | The social and practical intelligence use in people's everyday lives; along with IQ, is considered in making a determination of intellectual disability. |
| Social intelligence | One's ability to understand and interpret social interactions between people, such as whether someone is angry or happy; a component of adaptive behavior, which, in addition to IQ, is used to determine whether someone has intellectual disability. |
| Practical intelligence | Ability to solve everyday problems |
| Supports | resources and strategies that promote a person's development, education, interests, and personal well-being; critical to the AAIDD's conceptualization of intellectual disabilities. |
| Mild intellectual disabilities | A classification used to specify an individual whose IQ is approximately 50-70 |
| Moderate intellectual disabilities | A classification used to specify an individual whose IQ is approximately 35-50. |
| Severe Intellectual disabilities | A classification used to specify an individual whose IQ is approximately 20-35. |
| Profound intellectual disabilities | A classification used to specify an individual whose IQ is below approximately 20. |
| Intellectual disabilities | The newer term for mental retardation; a disability in intelligence and adaptive behavior. |
| Prenatal | The time before birth |
| Perinatal | The time of birth |
| Postnatal | The time after birth |
| Chromosomal disorders | Any of several syndrome's resulting from abnormal or damaged chromosomes; can result in intellectual disabilities. |
| Down Syndrome | A condition resulting from an abnormality with the 21st pair of chromosomes; the most common abnormality is a triplet rather than a pair; characterized by intellectual disability and such physical signs. |
| Chromosomes | A rod-shaped entity in the nucleus of the cell; contains genes, which convey hereditary characteristics; each cell in the human body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. |
| Trisomy 21 | A type of Down Syndrome in which the 21st chromosome is a triplet, making 47, rather than the normal 46, chromosomes in all. |
| Maternal serum screening (MSS) | A method of screening the fetus for developmental disabilities such as down syndrome or pina bifida; a blood sample is taken from the mother and analyzed; if it is positive, a more accurate test such as amniocentesis or CVS is usually recommended. |
| Nuchal translucency ultrasound | A method of screening for Down syndrome; fluid from behind the fetus's neck and protein from the mother's blood is analyzed. |
| Amniocentesis | A medical procedure that allows examination of the amniotic fluid around the fetus; sometimes recommended to determine the presence of abnormality. |
| Spina bifida | A congenital midline defect resulting from failure of the bony spinal column to close completely during fetal development. |
| Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | A method of testing the unborn fetus for a variety of chromosomal abnormalities, such as down syndrome; a small amount of tissue from the chorion is extracted and tested; cam ne done earlier than amniocentesis but the risk of miscarriage is slightly high |
| Fragile X Syndrome | A condition in which the bottom of the X chromosome in the 23rd pair of chromosomes is pinched off; can result in a number of physical anomalies as well as intellectual disabilities; occurs more often in males than females. |
| Prader-Willi Syndrome | Caused by inheriting from one's father a lack of genetic material on the 15th pair of chromosomes; leading genetic cause of obesity; degree of intellectual disability varies. |
| Sleep apnea | Cessation of breathing while sleeping |
| Scoliosis | An abnormal curvature of the spine. |
| Williams syndrome | A condition resulting from deletion of material in the 7th pair of chromosomes; often results in mild to moderate intellectual disabilities, heart defects, and elfin facial features, peoples affected often displays surprising strengths in spoken languages |
| Inborn errors of metabolism | Deficiencies in enzymes used to metabolize basic substances in the body, such as amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, or trace elements; can sometimes result in intellectual disabilities; PKU is an example. |
| Phenylketonuria (PKU) | A metabolic genetic disorder caused by the inability of the body to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine; an accumulation of phenylalanine results in abnormal brain development. |
| Mircocephalus | A condition causing development of a small, cone-shaped head; proper development of the brain is prevented, resulting in intellectual disabilities. |
| Hydrocephalus | A condition characterized by enlargement of the head because of excessive pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. |
| Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) | A range of disorders in children whose mothers consumed large quantities of alcohol during pregnancy. |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) | Abnormalities associated with the mother's drinking alcohol during pregnancy; defects range from mild to severe; including growth retardation, brain damage, intellectual disability. |
| Rubella (German measles) | A serious viral disease, which if it occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy, is likely to cause a deformity in the fetus. |
| Anoxia | Deprivation of oxygen; can cause brain injury |
| Low Birth Weight (LBW) | Babies who are born weighing less than 5.5 lbs.; usually premature; at risk for behavioral and medical conditions, such as intellectual disabilities. |
| Syphilis | A venereal disease that can cause mental sub normality in a child, especially if it is contracted by the mother-to-be during the latter stages of fetal development. |
| Herpes simplex | A viral disease that can cause cold sores or fever blisters; if it affects the genitals and is contracted by the mother-to-be in the later stages of fetal development, it can cause mental sub normality in the child. |
| Meningitis | A bacterial or viral infection of the linings of the brain or spinal cord; can cause a number of disabilities. |
| Encephalitis | An inflammation of the brain; can affect the child's mental development adversely. |
| Mental age | Age level at which a person performs on an IQ test; used in comparison to chronological age to determine IQ. IQ= (mental age/chronological age) X100. |
| Chronological age | Refers to how old a person is; used in comparison to mental age to determine IQ. IQ= (mental age/ Chronological age) x 100. |
| Working memory (WM) | The ability to remember information while also performing other cognitive operations. |
| Self-regulation | Refers generally to a person's ability to regulate his or her own behavior; an area of difficulty for persons who have intellectual disabilities. |
| Metacognition | One's understanding of the strategies available for learning a task and the regulatory mechanisms needed to complete the task. |
| Behavioral Phenotypes | A collection of behaviors, including cognitive, language, and social behaviors as well as psychopathological symptoms, that tend to occur together in people with a specific genetic syndrome. |
| Explicit instruction | Clear, direct, and precise instruction; frequent use of modeling. |
| Systematic instruction | Teaching that involves instructional prompts, consequences, for performance, and transfer of stimulus control; often used with students with intellectual disabilities. |
| Functional academics | Teaching academics, such as reading and math, in the context of daily living skills; goal is for students to learn skills to function independently, such as reading labels on goods at stores, used most often with students with intellectual disabilities. |
| Deinstitutionalization movement | Advocates crusade for closing of large residential institutions for people with intellectual and mental disabilities; begun in 1950s and up through the 1970s. |
| Sheltered workshop | A facility that provides a structured environment for people with disabilities in which they can learn skills; can be either a transitional placement or a permanent arrangement. |
| Supported competitive employment | A workplace where adults who have disabilities earn at least minimum wage and receive ongoing assistance from a specialist or job coach; the majority of workers in the workplace do not have disabilities. |
| Job coach | A person who assists adult workers with disabilities, providing vocational assessment, instruction, overall planning, and interaction assistance with employers, family, and related government and service agencies. |
| Self-determination | Having control over one's life, not having to rely on others for making choices about one's quality of life; develops over one's life span. |
| Learned helplessness | A motivational term referring to a condition in which a person believes that no matter how hard he or she tries, failure will result. |
| Person-centered planning | A method of planning for people with disabilities that places the person and the person's family at the center of the planning process. |
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