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MED-SURG FOR PSYCH
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS IN PSYCHIATRY
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Signs | observations and objective findings elicited by the clinician |
| Symptoms | subjective experience by the patient |
| Syndrome | group of signs and symptoms that together make up a recognizable condition |
| CONSCIOUSNESS | ● State of awareness, awareness to external stimuli ● Disturbance of consciousness are most often associated with organic brain pathology |
| DISTURBANCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS - Disorientation | impairment of awareness of time, place and person |
| DISTURBANCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS - Drowsiness | a state of impaired awareness associated with a desire or inclination to sleep |
| DISTURBANCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS - Somnolence | pathological sleepiness which can be aroused to a normal state of consciousness |
| DISTURBANCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS - Stupor | state of decreased reactivity to stimuli and less than full awareness of one's surrounding |
| DISTURBANCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS - Coma | profound degree of unconsciousness from which a person cannot be aroused, with minimal or no detectable responsiveness to stimuli |
| DISTURBANCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS - Delirium | acute reversible mental disorder characterized by confusion and some impairment of consciousness; associated with emotional lability, hallucinations and inappropriate, irrational, impulsive or violent behavior |
| DISTURBANCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS - Confusion | disturbance of consciousness in which reactions to environmental stimuli are inappropriate; manifested by a disordered orientation to time, place and person |
| DISTURBANCE OF ATTENTION ● Attention | Amount of effort exerted in focusing on certain portions of an experience; ability to sustain a focus on one activity; ability to concentrate |
| DISTURBANCE OF ATTENTION ● Distractibility | inability to concentrate attention; state in which attention is drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli |
| DISTURBANCE OF ATTENTION ● Selective inattention | blocking out only those things that generate anxiety |
| DISTURBANCE OF ATTENTION ● Hypervigilance | excessive attention and focus on all internal and external stimuli, usually secondary to delusional or paranoid state |
| DISTURBANCE OF ATTENTION ● Trance | focused attention and altered consciousness, usually seen in hypnosis, dissociative disorders and ecstatic religious experiences |
| DISTURBANCE OF ATTENTION ● Disinhibition | removal of an inhibitory effect that permits persons to lose control of impulses as occurs in alcohol intoxication |
| DISTURBANCE IN SUGGESTIBILITY ● Disturbance in suggestibility | compliant and uncritical response to an i or influence |
| DISTURBANCE IN SUGGESTIBILITY ● Folie a deux (or folie a trois) | mental illness shared by two (or three) persons, usually involving a common delusional system |
| DISTURBANCE IN SUGGESTIBILITY ● Hypnosis | artificially induced modification of consciousness characterized by a heightened suggestibility |
| EMOTION Affect | subjective and immediate experience of emotion attached to ideas or mental representations of objects |
| EMOTION Mood | the pervasive and sustained feeling tone that is experienced internally and that can markedly influence a person's behavior and perception of the world |
| AFFECT ● Appropriate affect | condition in which the emotional tone is in harmony with the accompanying idea, thought or speech |
| AFFECT ● Inappropriate affect | disharmony between the emotional feeling tone and the idea, thought or speech accompanying it |
| AFFECT ● Blunted affect | disturbance in affect manifested by a severe reduction in the intensity of externalized feeling tone |
| AFFECT ● Restricted or constricted affect | reduction in intensity less severe than blunted affect but clearly reduced |
| AFFECT ● Flat affect | absence or near absence of any signs of affective expression; voice monotonous, face immobile |
| AFFECT ● Labile affect | rapid and abrupt changes in emotional feeling tone, unrelated to external stimuli |
| MOOD ● Dysphoric mood | an unpleasant mood |
| MOOD ● Euthymic mood | normal range of mood, implying absence of depressed or elevated mood |
| MOOD ● Elevated mood | air of confidence and enjoyment; a mood more cheerful than usual but not necessarily pathological |
| MOOD ● Euphoria | exaggerated feeling of wellbeing that is inappropriate to real events |
| MOOD ● Irritable mood | a state in which a person is easily annoyed and provoked to anger |
| MOOD ● Grief or mourning | sadness appropriate to a real loss |
| MOOD ● Depression | psychopathological feeling of sadness |
| MOOD ● Suicidal ideation | thoughts or act of taking one's own life (should be in thoughts) |
| MOOD ● Anhedonia | loss of interest in, and withdrawal from, all regular and pleasurable activities, often associated with depression |
| MOOD ● Mania | mood state characterized by elation, agitation, hyperactivity, hypersexuality, and accelerated thinking and speaking |
| MOOD ● Hypomania | mood abnormality with the qualitative characteristic of mania but somewhat less intense |
| Anxiety | feeling of apprehension caused by anticipation of danger, which may be internal or external |
| Free-floating anxiety | pervasive, unfocused fear not attached to any idea |
| Fear | anxiety caused by consciously recognized and realistic danger |
| Agitation | severe anxiety associated with motor restlessness |
| Tension | physiological or psychic arousal, uneasiness, or pressure toward action; unpleasurable alteration in mental or physical state that seeks relief through action |
| Apathy | dulled emotional tone associated with detachment or indifference |
| Ambivalence | coexistence of two opposing impulses toward the same thing in the same person at the same time |
| Panic | acute, episodic, intense attack of anxiety associated with overwhelming feelings of dread and autonomic discharge |
| Shame | failure to live up to self-expectations |
| Guilt | emotional state associated with self reproach and the need for punishment |
| Impulse control | ability to resist an impulse, drive or temptation to perform an action |
| PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES ● Anorexia | loss or decreased appetite |
| PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES ● Hyperphagia | increase in appetite and intake of food |
| PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES ● Insomnia | lack of or diminished ability to sleep |
| PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES ● Initial | difficulty in falling asleep |
| PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES ● Middle | difficulty in sleeping through the night without waking up and difficulty in going back to sleep |
| PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES ● Terminal | early morning awakening |
| PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES ● Hypersomnia | excessive sleeping |
| PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES ● Fatigue | a feeling of weariness, sleepiness, or irritability following a period of mental or bodily activity |
| PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES ● Bulimia | insatiable hunger and voracious eating |
| PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES ● Pseudocyesis | condition in which a patient has the signs and symptoms of pregnancy |
| PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES ● Pica | craving and eating of nonfood substances |
| MOTOR BEHAVIOR ● Echopraxia | pathological imitation of movements on one person by another |
| MOTOR BEHAVIOR ● Catatonic excitement | agitated, purposeless motor activity, uninfluenced by external stimuli |
| MOTOR BEHAVIOR ● Catatonic stupor | stupor in which patients ordinarily are well aware of their surroundings |
| MOTOR BEHAVIOR ● Catatonic rigidity | fixed and sustained motoric position that is resistant to change |
| MOTOR BEHAVIOR ● Catatonic posturing | voluntary assumption of an inappropriate or bizarre posture, generally maintained for long periods |
| MOTOR BEHAVIOR ● Cerea flexibilitas (waxy flexibility) | condition in which a person can molded into a position that is then maintained |
| MOTOR BEHAVIOR ● Stereotypy | continuous mechanical repetition of speech or physical activities |
| MOTOR BEHAVIOR ● Mutism | organic of functional absence of the faculty of speech |
| MOTOR BEHAVIOR ● Cataplexy | temporary loss of muscle tone, causing weakness and immobilization |
| MOTOR BEHAVIOR ● Abulia | reduced impulse to act and think, associated with indifference about consequences of action |
| MOTOR BEHAVIOR ● Psychomotor agitation | physical and mental overactivity that is usually nonproductive and is associated with a feeling of inner turmoil, as seen in agitated depression |
| MOTOR BEHAVIOR ● Somnambulism | motor activity during sleep; sleepwalking |
| MOTOR BEHAVIOR ● Akathisia | subjective feeling of muscular tension secondary to antipsychotic medication |
| COMPULSIONS | Pathological need to act on an impulse, if resisted, produces anxiety; repetitive behavior in response to an obsession or performed according to certain rules, with no true end in itself other than to prevent something from occurring in the future |
| GENERAL DISTURBANCE IN FORM OR PROCESS OF THINKING ● Neurosis | reality testing is intact |
| GENERAL DISTURBANCE IN FORM OR PROCESS OF THINKING ● Autistic thinking | largely narcissistic and egocentric, without regard for reality |
| GENERAL DISTURBANCE IN FORM OR PROCESS OF THINKING ● Magical thinking | thoughts, words or actions assume power |
| GENERAL DISTURBANCE IN FORM OR PROCESS OF THINKING ● Psychosis | inability to distinguish reality from fantasy; impaired reality testing, with the creation of a new reality |
| SPECIFIC THOUGHT CONTENT DISTURBANCE ● Circumstantiality | patient digresses into unnecessary details and inappropriate thoughts before communicating the central idea |
| SPECIFIC THOUGHT CONTENT DISTURBANCE ● Tangentiality | oblique, digressive, or even irrelevant manner of speech in which the central idea is not communicated |
| SPECIFIC THOUGHT CONTENT DISTURBANCE ● Echolalia | psychopathological repeating of words or phrases of one person by another |
| SPECIFIC THOUGHT CONTENT DISTURBANCE ● Neologism | inventing new words or phrases whose derivation cannot be understood |
| SPECIFIC THOUGHT CONTENT DISTURBANCE ● Perseveration | pathological repetition of the same response to different stimuli; persistent repetition of specific words or concepts in the process of thinking |
| SPECIFIC THOUGHT CONTENT DISTURBANCE ● Loosening of associations | flow of thought in which ideas shift from one subject to another in a completely unrelated way; when severe, speech may be incoherent |
| SPECIFIC THOUGHT CONTENT DISTURBANCE ● Flight of ideas | rapid succession of fragmentary thoughts or speech in which content changes abruptly and speech may be incoherent |
| SPECIFIC THOUGHT CONTENT DISTURBANCE ● Clang association | association of words similar in sound but not in meaning; words have no logical connection |
| SPECIFIC THOUGHT CONTENT DISTURBANCE ● Glossolalia | unintelligible jargon that has meaning to the speaker but not to the listener; also known as speaking in tongues |
| SPECIFIC THOUGHT CONTENT DISTURBANCE ● Blocking | abrupt interruption in train of thinking before a thought or idea is finished; after a brief pause, person indicates no recall of what was being said or was going to be said |
| SPECIFIC THOUGHT CONTENT DISTURBANCE ● Poverty of content | thought that gives little information because of vagueness, empty repetitions or obscure phrases |
| SPECIFIC THOUGHT CONTENT DISTURBANCE ● Delusions | false belief, based on incorrect inference about external reality, not consistent with patient's intelligence and cultural background; cannot be corrected by reasoning |
| DELUSIONS ● Bizarre delusions | an absurd, totally implausible, strange false belief |
| DELUSIONS ● Systematized delusion | false belief united by a single event or theme |
| DELUSIONS ● Delusion of persecution | false belief of being harassed, cheated or persecuted |
| DELUSIONS ● Delusion of grandeur | exaggerated conception of one's importance, power or identity |
| DELUSIONS ● Delusion of reference | false belief that behavior of others refers to oneself; events, objects or other people have a particular and unusual significance, usually of a negative significance |
| DELUSIONS ● Delusion of control | false feeling that a person's will, thoughts or feelings are being controlled by external forces |
| Thought withdrawal | delusion that thoughts are being removed from a person's mind by other people or forces |
| Thought insertion | delusion that thoughts are being implanted in a person's mind by other people or forces |
| Thought broadcasting | delusion that a person's thoughts can be heard by others |
| Thought control | delusion that a person's thoughts are being controlled by other people or forces |
| DELUSIONS ● Erotomania | delusional belief that someone is deeply in love with them |
| SPECIFIC THOUGHT CONTENT DISTURBANCE (CONT.) ● Overvalued idea | unreasonable, sustained false belief maintained less firmly than a delusion |
| SPECIFIC THOUGHT CONTENT DISTURBANCE (CONT.) ● Hypochondria | exaggerated concern about health that is based onto on real organic pathology but on unrealistic interpretations of physical signs or sensations as abnormal |
| SPECIFIC THOUGHT CONTENT DISTURBANCE (CONT.) ● Obsession | pathological persistence of an irresistible thought or feeling that cannot be eliminated from consciousness by logical effort |
| SPECIFIC THOUGHT CONTENT DISTURBANCE (CONT.) ● Phobia | persistent, irrational, exaggerated, and invariably pathological dread of a specific stimulus or situation; results in a compelling desire to avoid the fear stimulus |
| Specific phobia | circumscribed dread of a discrete object or situation |
| Social phobia | dread of public humiliation, as in fear of public speaking, performing, or eating in public |
| DISTURBANCE IN SPEECH ● Poverty of speech | restriction in the amount of speech used; replies may be monosyllabic |
| DISTURBANCE IN SPEECH ● Nonspontaneous speech | verbal responses given only when asked; no self-initiation of speech |
| DISTURBANCE IN SPEECH ● Volubility | copious, coherent, logical speech |
| DISTURBANCE IN SPEECH ● Pressure in speech | rapid speech that is increased in amount and difficult to interrupt |
| APHASIC DISTURBANCE ● Motor aphasia | disturbance of speech caused by a cognitive disorder in which understanding remains but ability to speak is grossly impaired |
| APHASIC DISTURBANCE ● Sensory aphasia | organic loss of ability to comprehend the meaning of words; fluent but nonsensical speech |
| APHASIC DISTURBANCE ● Alogia | inability to speak because of a mental deficiency or an episode of dementia |
| DISTURBANCE OF PERCEPTION ● Hallucination | false sensory perception not associated with real external stimuli |
| DISTURBANCE OF PERCEPTION ● Illusion | misperception or misinterpretation of real external sensory stimuli |
| CONVERSION AND DISSOCIATIVE PHENOMENON ● Depersonalization | a person's subjective sense of being unreal, strange, or unfamiliar |
| CONVERSION AND DISSOCIATIVE PHENOMENON ● Derealization | a subjective sense that the environment is strange or unreal; a feeling of changed reality |
| CONVERSION AND DISSOCIATIVE PHENOMENON ● Fugue | taking on a new identity with amnesia for the old identity; often involves travel or wandering to new environments |
| CONVERSION AND DISSOCIATIVE PHENOMENON ● Multiple personality | one person who appears at different times to be two or more entirely different personalities and characters |
| DISTURBANCE OF MEMORY ● Amnesia | partial or total inability to recall past experiences |
| DISTURBANCE OF MEMORY ● Hypermnesia | exaggerated degree of retention and recall |
| DISTURBANCE OF MEMORY ● Paramnesia | falsification of memory by distortion of recall |
| Confabulation | unconscious filling of gaps in memory by imagined or untrue experiences that a person believes but that have no basis in fact |
| Déjà vu | illusion of visual recognition in which a new situation is incorrectly regarded as repetition of a previous memory |
| Jamais vu | false feeling of unfamiliarity with a real situation that a person has experienced |
| LEVELS OF MEMORY ● Immediate | reproduction or recall or perceived material within seconds to minutes |
| LEVELS OF MEMORY ● Recent | recall of events over past few days |
| LEVELS OF MEMORY ● Recent past | recall of events over past few months |
| LEVELS OF MEMORY ● Remote | recall of events in distant past |
| INTELLIGENCE ● Mental retardation | lack of intelligence to a degree in which there is interference in social and vocational performance |
| INTELLIGENCE ● Dementia | organic and global deterioration of intellectual functioning without clouding of consciousness |
| INTELLIGENCE ● Pseudodementia | clinical features resembling dementia not caused by an organic condition |
| INSIGHT ● Intellectual insight | understanding of the objective reality of a set of circumstances without the ability to apply the understanding in any useful way to master the situation |
| INSIGHT ● True insight | understanding of the objective reality of a situation, coupled with the motivation and the emotional impetus to master the situation |
| INSIGHT ● Impaired insight | diminished ability to understand the objective reality of a situation |
| JUDGEMENT ● Intact judgment | ability to assess, discern and choose among various options in a situation |
| JUDGEMENT ● Automatic judgment | reflex performance of an action |
| JUDGEMENT ● Impaired judgment | diminished ability to understand a situation correctly and to act appropriately |
Created by:
avemaria