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A&P Module 2: Part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adip | Fat |
| Chondr | Cartilage |
| Cyt | Cell |
| Epi | Upon, after, or in addition |
| Glia | Glue |
| Hist | Web; tissue |
| What is histology? | Study of tissues |
| Hyal | Resemblance to glass |
| Inter | Between |
| Hist | Tissue |
| Macr | Large |
| Neur | Nerve |
| Os | Bone |
| What is a tissue? | A group or layer of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common function |
| What are the three types of intercellular junctions? | Gap junctions, desmosomes, and tight junctions |
| What is the epithelial tissue? | The tissue that covers all free body surfaces, forms the inner lining of body cavities, lines hollow organs, and composes glands |
| What does the epithelial tissue do? | Forms protective barriers and obtains nutrients through diffusion from underlying connective tissues |
| What are characteristics of the simple squamous epithelium? | The cells are thin and flat and usually have broad and thin nuclei |
| What is the type of epithelium that consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells, with centrally located and spherical nuclei? | Simple cuboidal |
| What is the simple columnar epithelium? | The tissue that consists of a single layer of elongated (tall) cells whose nuclei are usually about the same level, near the basement of the membrane |
| What are cilia? | Structures that extend from the free surface of apical cells on some epithelial tissues, constantly moving to propel materials across the surface |
| What are the epithelial cells ability to divide? | They can readily divide and can quickly be replaces when injury or damage occurs |
| Why does the layered effect observed in pseudostratified columnar epithelium occur? | The nuclei lie at two or more levels in the row of aligned cells |
| In stratified squamous epithelium the cube shaped cells that undergo mitosis are located in what layer? What layer are the flattened cells in? | Innermost and outermost |
| What is composed of two or three layers of cuboidal cells that form the lining of the lumen? | Stratified cuboidal epithelium |
| What is the type of epithelial tissue that is specialized to stretch and change in appearance in response to increased tension? | Transitional epithelium |
| The stratified columnar epithelium consists of a single layer of columnar cells with several layers of what underneath? | Cuboidal cells |
| What is the type of columnar epithelium in which all cells contact the basement membrane and appear to be layered, but are not? | Pseudostratified |
| What is ground substance? | A noncellular material produced by the connective tissue. In combination with the protein fibers forms the extracellular matrix |
| What are protein fibers? | They are found outside of the cell. They provide strength and stretch for a tissue. In combination with the ground substance forms the extracellular matrix. |
| What are collagen fibers? | Very strong unbranched "rope-like" proteins that provide strength and flexibility to a tissue. |
| What are elastic fibers? | They are composed of the protein elastin and provide stretch to a tissue |
| What are reticular fibers? | Thin branched fibers similar to collagen, that provide a tough and flexible scaffold. |
| What is the field of view? | The amount of the slide you are able to see through the eyepiece |
| What is total magnification? | The overall enlargement of the image of a specimen. To calculate total magnification, multiply the magnification of the ocular lens (10x) with the magnification of the objective lens |
| What is the apical surface? | The surface of an epithelial cell facing the lumen or the external environment |
| What is the basal surface? | The surface of an epithelial cell facing the basement membrane |
| What is the basement membrane? | Formed from the epithelial and underlying connective tissue layers. Composed of non-cellular layers of collagen, glycoproteins, proteoglycans. It aids in attachment of epithelial tissue and a selective molecule barrier to underlying connective tissue |
| What is the lumen? | Central cavity or open space within an organ |
| What is tonicity? | The ability of a solution to change the volume of a cell through osmosis |
| What is hypertonic? | A solution with higher concentration of nonpermeable solutes in comparison to another solution |
| What is hypotonic? | A solution with lower concentration of nonpermeable solutes in comparison to another solution |
| What is isotonic? | A solution with the same concentration of nonpermeable solutes in comparison to another solution |
| What are crenated red blood cells? | A red blood cell that develops abnormal notchings on its cell membrane due to loss of water |
| What are lysed red blood cells? | Red blood cells whose membranes have burst apart |
| What do similar tubular exocrine glands look like? | Straight tube-like glands that open directly on the surface |
| What glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood? | Endocrine glands |
| What is an example of a unicellular gland? | A goblet cell is a mucus-secreting cell housed in an otherwise nonsecretory epithelium |
| What tissue can be described as having many layers with the superficial layer being flattened cells? | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| Which type of ducts would be found in compound exocrine glands? | Branched ducts |
| What glands secrete their products into ducts that open onto the surfaces? | Exocrine glands |
| What are alveolar glands described as? | Sac-like dilations in their terminal portions |
| What are tubular glands described as? | Consisting of epithelial-lined tubes |
| The straight tube-like exocrine glands that open directly onto the surface are called what? | Simple multicellular glands |
| An example of a compound alveolar gland is what? | Mammary gland |
| Mucus | Fluid rich in glycoproteins, for protection, secreted by goblet cells in the inner linings of the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems |
| Serous | Watery fluid with high enzyme content, for lubrication found in the visceral and parietal membranes of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| Unicellular exocrine glands are made up of how many cells? | One |
| Which type of exocrine gland has a duct that branches repeatedly before reaching the secretory portion? | Compound |
| Sebaceous glands are classified as what type of exocrine glands? | Simple branched alveolar glands |
| The most abundant major tissue type in the body is what? | Connective tissue |
| What is the most common type of fixed cell in connective tissue? | Fibroblasts |
| What is the shape and function of fibroblasts? | Large, star-shaped cells that secrete proteins |
| What are three types of connective tissue fibers produced by fibroblasts and included in the extracellular matrix? | Reticular fibers, elastic fibers, and collagen fibers |
| How many collagen fibers are in the body compared to other structural proteins? | Collagen is the most abundant structural protein |
| What are the characteristics of collagen fibers? | They are grouped in long, parallel bundles, they have great tensile strength, and they are flexible but only slightly elastic |
| What are the two main sub-categories of connective tissue proper? | Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue |
| What fiber is the major component of connective tissue and characterized by flexibility and great tensile strength? | Collagen fibers |
| What are the characteristics of elastic fibers? | They are weaker than collagen fibers and stretch and resume their original shape |
| Dense connective tissue has what? | More collagen fibers than loose connective tissue |
| What tissue type forms thin membranes found throughout the entire body? | Areolar tissue |
| What are the functions of areolar connective tissue? | It binds the skin to underlying organs and nourishes overlying epithelial tissue |
| Where in the body can the areolar be found? | It is found under the epithelium |
| What special cell do adipose tissue contain? And what does it store? | Adipocytes; stores fat droplets in their cytoplasm |
| What are four locations of adipose tissue? | Under the skin, around the kidneys, around the heart, and around various joints |
| What does white adipose tissue do? | Stores nutrients for nearby cells to use in the production of energy |
| What does brown adipose tissue do? | Generates heat to warm the body |
| As an adipose cell gets larger, what gets pushed to one side of the cell? | The nucleus |
| What are the characteristics of reticular connective tissue? | It is found in the spleen and contains thin fibers |
| What is one function of the adipose tissue? | To cushion organs |
| What can sustain tension exerted from many different directions because it is composed of thicker, interwoven, and more randomly distributed fibers? | Dense irregular connective tissue |
| What composes dense regular connective tissue? | Closely packed, thick, collagen fibers; |
| What are the components of elastic connective tissue? | Collagen fibers, yellow fibers, and fibroblasts |
| What are the functions of the cartilage? | It protects underlying tissue and provides support and framework for the body |
| What are the components of the extracellular matrix in cartilage? | Abundant collagenous fibers and chondromucoprotein |
| Chondrocytes are specialized cells found in what? | Cartilage |
| What is perichondrium? | Connective tissue that covers the cartilage |
| Injuries to cartilage are slow healing. Why? | Cartilage lacks a direct supply of blood and relies on perichondrial blood vessels for nutrients |
| What are the different types of cartilage? | Hyaline and elastic |
| What type of cartilage contains fine collagen fibers in an extracellular matrix that looks somewhat like white glass? | Hyaline cartilage |
| What type of cartilage is present at the ends of the long bones, the tip of the nose, and in the supporting rings of respiratory passages? | Hyaline cartilage |
| The most common type of cartilage in the human body is what? | Hyaline cartilage |
| The cartilage found in the external ear and parts of the larynx is what? | Elastic cartilage |
| What are representative locations of hyaline cartilage? | Ends of bones on many joints, rings of respiratory passages, and developing long bones in embryos |
| What is the tissue that protects organs in body cavities, provides attachment for muscles, forms blood cells and stores inorganic chemicals such as calcium and phosphorus? | Bone |
| What are the two types of bone tissue? | Compact and spongy |
| What is a description on the bone matrix? | They contain cells called osteocytes that is organized as concentric lamellae around central canals |
| What are the functions of bone? | It provides attachment for muscles, it forms cells in the bone marrow, it stores and releases inorganic chemicals such as calcium and phosphorus, and supports and protects the body structure |
| Every bone cell in a contact bone is near a nutrient supply because why? | Each central canal contains blood vessels |
| Why do injured bone tissue heal more rapidly than injured cartilage? | Bone tissue contains blood vessels and materials can move rapidly between blood vessels and bone cells; bone is more richly vascularized |
| Blood vessels supplying nutrients and oxygen to bone tissue are located in the what? | Central canal of each osteon |
| Components of blood include formed elements and an extracellular fluid matrix called what? | plasma |
| What are functions of blood? | Defense against pathogens, removal of wastes, and transport of gases |
| Blood is composed of what two major parts? | Formed elements and plasma |
| Most blood cells form in what tissue? In the red marrow of certain bones | Hematopoietic |
| What are the formed elements in blood? | White blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets |
| In spongy bone, osteocytes deposit in the bone matrix in the form of what? | Bony plates with spaces between them |
| What are the functions of red blood cells? | Transporting gases |
Created by:
dani_simon