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ANTH 20 Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| home range | area covered during normal n=movements and activities |
| territory | defended home range |
| insectivore | eats insects |
| folivore | eats leaves |
| frugivore | eats fruit |
| fixity | species are immutable and permanent |
| Great Chain of Being | Species are ordered. The Earth is young and only 6000 years old |
| catastrophism | Shaping of earth's crust via sudden, violent events |
| uniformitarianism | The processes that shape the earth's crust are the same today as always. Process is gradual. |
| Deep time | Idea that earth must be very old. Goes hand in hand with uniformitarianism |
| Jean Babtiste Lamark | Early evolutionary thinker. Argued the animal changes during its lifetime in response to some external environmental pressure and become more complex over time. |
| Lamarckianism | First cohesive theory about biological evolution. Explains how organisms adapt to their environments through the need to solve problems. (Giraffe neck stretches over time) |
| Thomas Malthus | Said that populations have the potential to increase at a faster rate than resources. Intense competition among individuals for limited resources |
| Darwin's Postulates | 1. Individuals are variable 2. Some variation is heritable 3. There is struggle for existence 4. Survival of the fittest |
| selection pressures | anything that influences survival and reproductive success in a proportion of the population |
| Darwin's Theory | Evolution by variation causes favorable traits to be retained and disadvantageous traits to disappear. Natural selection build individuals well adapted to the environment. |
| continuous variation | forms on a numerical continuum |
| discontinuous variation | discrete set of forms |
| alleles | Different variations of the same gene, dominant or recessive. You get one from each parent |
| genotype | the allele, genetic description |
| phenotype | the appearance, physical traits |
| Independent assortment | Each gene is equally likely to be transmitted |
| chromosomes | small structures in every living cell that line up, replicate, and divide when a cell divides |
| genes | segments of DNA that code for enzymes, proteins, and regulate |
| Evolution | change in gene frequencies from one generation to the next within a population |
| mutation | Only true source of genetic variation. Happens randomly |
| Gene flow / Migration | Any movement of individuals and the genetic material they carry, from one population to another. Homogenizes populations |
| Genetic drift | Chance events causing changes in the frequency of alleles |
| Founder effect | disproportionate genetic frequencies in an initial breeding population |
| bottleneck | Sharp reduction in population size that decreases genetic diversity |
| The Modern synthesis | Combining ideas of inheritance and natural selection |
| microevolution | Changes within species |
| macroevolution | The creation of new species |
| biological species concept | potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring. reproductively isolated from other such groups |
| ecological species | groups of organisms created and maintained through the process of natural selection |
| speciation | the generation of new species |
| anagenesis | a single population evolving through time. the descendant population will evolve to diverge from parent population |
| cladogenesis | one population evolves into two populations |
| allopatric speciation | occurs when there is a physical barrier between populations |
| character displacement | causes two species to diverge from each other due to competition |
| parapatric speciation | occurs without physical barriers |
| sympatric speciation | strong selection that favors different phenotypes leads to speciation in absence of geographic isolation |
| niches | range of conditions where an individual can "make a living" |
| adaptive radiation | single ancestral species diversifies into numerous new species that adapts to different niches |
| phylogeny | science of determining evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms |
| clade | a group of organisms that includes a single ancestor and all its descendants |
| taxonomy | the theory and practice of classifying organisms |
| ancestral trait | traits that appear early and are inherited |
| derived trait | a trait that appears later since the time of the last common ancestor |
| euarchontans | A superorder. "true rules" , consists of primates and primate-like mammals |
| convergent evolution | an independent evolution of similar characteristics. Creates analogous structures and traits. |
| primate | An Order of mammals, relatively unspecialized compared to other orders |
| plesiadapiforms | Organisms that existed before primates 54-65 may |
| Eocene | 34-54 mya when the Earth is warm and wet. True primates have evolved then. |
| Adapids | An Eocene primate thought to be strepsirrhine ancestors. Diurnal |
| Omomyids | An Eocene primate thought to be haplorrhine ancestors. Nocturnal |
| Arboreal Hypothesis (for the origin of primates) | primate-like traits were favored by natural selection because of the challenges of arboreal life. Grasping digits, bigger brains, binocular vision for judging distance |
| Visual Predation Hypothesis (for the origin of primates) | arboreality alone does not account for primate traits. there is convergence with visually-oriented predators and primates evolve these features because they were preying on insects in the trees. |
| Angiosperm coevolution hypothesis | Grasping hands and feet evolved to exploit new supply of fruit and flowers in forests |
| Angiosperm-insect hypothesis | Combines prior hypothesis where fruit and insects co-occupy similar habitats which drove the development of primate's current characteristics |
| encephalization | The evolutionary increase in brain size relative to body size |
| Neocortex | Part of brain most associated with problem solving and behavioral flexibility |
| Orbital convergence | The development of forward facing eyes, found in all primates but mostly monkeys and apes |
| Stereopsis | motion vision |
| tapetum lucidum | eye shine. found in lemurs and lorises |
| Dental formula | ICPM |
| Strepsirrhines | Suborder of primates. Found in Africa and Asia (lorises & galagos), Madagascar (lemurs). Have a tooth comb, moist nose, grooming claw, eye shine |
| gregarious | group living and social |
| Lemuriformes | Infraorder of Strepsirrhines. An adaptive radiation found in Madagascar |
| Energy frugality hypothesis | Lemur traits conserve energy and maximize resource use, which is why they have distinct traits |
| Lorisiformes | Infraorder of Strepsirrhines. Consists of lorises and galagos. Small, arboreal, nocturnal. |
| Galagidae | Family within Lorisiformes. Consists of galagos and hushbabies. |
| Loridae | Family within Lorisiformes. Consists of pottos and lorises |
| Haplorrhines | Suborder of primates. Consistes of tarsiers, monkeys, and apes. |
| -oidea | Refers to a superfamily |
| -idae | Refers to a family |
| -formes | infraorder |
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