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PBS Unit 2.1 Vocab.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Homeostasis | The maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions (e.g., body temperature, pH) despite changes in the external environment. |
| Medical History | A record of information about a patient’s past and current health, including diseases, surgeries, allergies, and lifestyle, used to guide treatment. |
| Current History | Detailed information about the patient's current, acute complaint. |
| Previous History | Information regarding past illnesses, hospitalizations, surgeries, and allergies. |
| Social History | Information about a patient’s habits (smoking, alcohol), occupation, and family life that may affect health. |
| Family History | A record of diseases and conditions affecting direct blood relatives, highlighting genetic predispositions |
| Chief Complaint | The main reason the patient is seeking medical attention; a concise statement of the presenting problem. |
| Physical Signs | Observable, objective findings detected by a healthcare professional during a physical exam (e.g., rash, high blood pressure). |
| Symptoms | Subjective evidence of disease experienced by the patient (e.g., pain, dizziness, nausea). |
| Diagnosis | The identification of a disease or condition through evaluation of signs, symptoms, and history. |
| Differential Diagnosis | A list of potential conditions that could cause a patient’s symptoms, used to rule out diseases. |
| Empathy | The ability to understand and share the feelings of the patient. |
| Demeanor | The outward behavior or bearing of a professional, which should be calm and professional. |
| Tact | Sensitivity in dealing with others, especially when delivering difficult information. |
| Risk Factor | A characteristic or behavior (e.g., smoking, obesity) that increases the likelihood of developing a disease. |
| Triage | The process of sorting and prioritizing patients based on the urgency of their need for care. |
| HIPAA | Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act): U.S. legislation ensuring the privacy and security of patient medical records. |
| Artery | A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. |
| Vein | A blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart |
| Hyper | Prefix meaning high, above, or excessive |
| Hypo | Prefix meaning low, under, or deficient |
| emia | Suffix indicating a condition of the blood |
| -itis | Suffix indicating inflammation |
| Chemical Reaction | The interaction of substances to form new substances; the basis of metabolism. |
| Immune System | The body's defense mechanism against infections and foreign substances. |
| Mucus | A viscous, slippery substance produced by membranes to protect and lubricate surfaces. |
| Lymph | A clear fluid containing white blood cells that bathes tissues and drains through the lymphatic system. |
| Lymph Nodes | Small, bean-shaped structures that filter lymph and trap bacteria/viruses. |
| Cancer | A disease caused by uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in the body. |
| Carcinogen | A substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue. |
| Inflammation | A localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful as a reaction to injury or infection. |
| Vital Signs | Measurements of the body’s most basic functions, used to monitor health and homeostasis. |
| Temperature | The measurement of the degree of heat in the deep tissues of the body. |
| Hyperthermia | Abnormally high body temperature (fever), generally above 100°F (37.8°C). |
| Hypothermia | Abnormally low body temperature, generally below 95°F (35°C). |
| Thermometer | An instrument used to measure body temperature. |
| Heart Rate | The number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm), felt as a rhythmic expansion of arteries. |
| Beats per minute | The unit used to measure heart rate or respiratory rate. |
| Tachycardia | A heart rate that is too fast (typically >100 bpm in adults |
| Bradycardia | A condition where the resting heart rate is abnormally slow, typically less than 60 beats per minute (bpm) in adults. While normal for trained athletes or during sleep, it can indicate issues with the heart's electrical system. |
| Radial Artery | A major blood vessel located on the thumb side of the wrist, commonly used to measure heart rate (pulse) by palpation. |
| Carotid Artery | One of two major arteries located on both sides of the neck that deliver oxygenated blood to the brain, head, and neck. It is often used to check a pulse in emergency situations. |
| Electrocardiogram | A medical test that records the electrical signals of the heart, used to detect abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) such as bradycardia, heart attacks, or structural issues. |
| Respiratory Rate | The number of breaths a person takes per minute, usually measured at rest by counting the number of times the chest rises and falls. |
| Breaths per Minute | The unit of measurement for respiratory rate. A normal adult rate is typically 12–20 breaths per minute. |
| Inspiration | The process of inhaling, where air rich in oxygen flows into the lungs. |
| Expiration | The process of exhaling, where air high in carbon dioxide is removed from the lungs. |
| Blood Oxygen Saturation | A measure of the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites in the bloodstream that are filled with oxygen, representing how well oxygen is being transported throughout the body. |
| Pulse Oximeter | A non-invasive device, often placed on the fingertip, that uses light waves to measure blood oxygen saturation and pulse rate. |
| Oxygen | The essential gas that the body takes in during inhalation for cellular metabolism. |
| Carbon Dioxide | A waste gas produced by the body's metabolism that is expelled during exhalation. |
| Hemoglobin | A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. |
| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells, which contain hemoglobin and are responsible for the transport of oxygen. |
| Blood Pressure | The force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as it is pumped by the heart. |
| Sphygmomanometer | The clinical instrument used to measure blood pressure, consisting of an inflatable cuff, a measuring gauge, and a mechanism for inflation. |
| Systole / Systolic | The top number in a blood pressure reading, representing the maximum pressure in the arteries when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood. |
| Diastole / Diastolic | The bottom number in a blood pressure reading, representing the pressure in the arteries when the heart muscle rests between beats. |
| mmHg | Millimeters of Mercury; the unit of measurement used to record blood pressure (e.g., 120/80 mmHg) |
| Korotkoff Sounds | The sounds heard through a stethoscope while measuring blood pressure; these are generated by the turbulent flow of blood as the artery opens and closes. |
| Brachial Artery | The main artery in the upper arm, used as the primary location for placing the blood pressure cuff. |
| Hypertension | A condition characterized by persistently high blood pressure, typically defined as consistent readings at or above 130/80 mmHg. |
| Hypotension | A condition characterized by abnormally low blood pressure, which may cause dizziness or fainting because blood flow to the brain is reduced. |
| Stethoscope | A medical instrument used to listen to the internal sounds of the body, such as the heartbeat (via Korotkoff sounds) or breathing. |
| Body Mass Index | A numerical value calculated from a person's height and weight (\(weight[kg]/height^{2}[m^{2}]\)), used to screen for weight categories (underweight, healthy weight, overweight, obesity). |
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