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History
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what first sparked the American Revolution | Britain’s conflict with France drained its resources, forcing it to impose unconsented taxes and tariffs on the colonies. Inspired by Enlightenment ideals, the colonies, aided by the French, armed themselves against the British. |
| Declaration of Rights of Men and the Citizen | a declaration letter created by the Third Estate (commoners who organized themselves as the National Assembly) in French society. These illegal actions sparked the French Revolution. |
| who ruled during the French Revolution | King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette |
| Jacobins | the most famous political group during the French Revolution, who believed strongly in equality and undertook violent measures to enforce their beliefs. |
| Maximilien Robespierre | his Committee of Public Safety led the Terror of 1793-1794. They executed anyone who opposed the revolution using a guillotine. Soon afterward, Maximilien Robespierre was arrested and guillotined for leading the country into tyranny and dictatorship. |
| French Revolution | Enraged by imbalance in gov, heavy taxes, & rising bread prices, commoners wrested control of their country from nobility and church. -violent means, executing thousands of people, storming the palace, and tearing down the Bastille brick by brick. |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | Napoleon was a military dictator who ruled France shortly after the French Revolution. His conquests throughout Europe spread the Revolution’s message of equality and religious tolerance throughout Europe. |
| Congress of Vienna | a meeting of European powers after Napoleon's death. The Congress hoped to restore stability in Europe. They reestablished each county’s border and brainstormed methods to avoid future conflicts. |
| Haitian Revolution | French Caribbean colony (1790s) - only completely successful slave revolt in history (flipped the social hierarchy) -economy transitioned from large-scale plantations to small-scale farming -began dictatorship (slaves couldn’t read/no enlightenment) |
| Toussaint L'Overture | Toussaint was a former slave who led the enslaved people against the whites in the French Caribbean colonies. |
| American VS frech revoltuion | American: -conservative: protect existing liberties threatened by Britain's new policies regarding taxation. (britian distracted by european wars) The French revolutionists started from scratch. They wanted to form an entirely new society |
| How were the conditions of 13 British Colonies in North America different from that of England? | there were land-owning elites, but social structure was fluid. -availability of land, lack of church authority & noblemen. -white families had more economic benefits, fewer social disparities, and better relations among different social classes. |
| Explain the economic factors that contributed to the French Revolution. | France’s involvement in the American Revolution left the government bankrupt, leading King Louis XVI to call the Estates General. After these meetings, the Third Estate decided to form the National Assembly and begin a revolution against their government |
| Explain the social factors that contributed to the French Revolution. | the first 2 estates had a larger say in gov than the majority of commoners -peasants were taxed heavily, -educated middle class grew offended by the privileges of the aristocracy -imbalance in the government and in the social hierarchy |
| causes of French revolution | -enlightenment -imbalance in gov -taxes on peasants/bread prices -American Revolution |
| Explain how the French Revolution became a platform for women’s rights. | Women stormed the Bastille and the palace, forcing Marie Antoinette to follow them to Paris. Women began petitioning for education, the right to bear arms, etc. women’s clubs were established, -women participated in the revolution -enlightenment |
| Explain Napoleon’s role in the French Revolution and spreading liberal ideals throughout Europe | maintaining equality while eroding liberty established a military dictatorship and reconciled with the Catholic Church. T - spread the Revolution’s ideas across Afroeurasia -ending feudalism, -empire fell in 1815 (resistance in Britain and Russia.) |
| The French Revolution’s new ideas were expressed differently among the various social classes in the colonies. | grand blancs ( wealthy white men ) want greater autonomy & fewer economic restrictions. petit blancs (poor white ) want equality of citizenship for whites. slaves (iberty/equality, no slavery) -rumors slavery was abolished in France (slaves riot) |
| Due to the success of the Haitian Revolution, what type of society was created? | -social hierarchy was completely flipped -the society's previous cash-crop-based economy shifted to small-scale farming. - poverty and unstable politics. It first established a monarchy, then later became a republic. |
| Reasons for Napolean's fall | |
| Latin American Revolutions | |
| Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion | In Mexico from 1810 to 1811, peasants began a violent uprising led by two priests, Miguel Hidalgo & José Morelos. enraged by rising food prices, & desired more land. -eventually crushed creoles and the church. |
| Simon Bolivar | independence leader who wished to unify Latin America. -military success allowed for the independence of Latin American colonies - heavily influenced by the Enlightenment. - eventually became the first president of Colombia |
| Tupac Amaru | led an unsuccessful rebellion of Native Americans in Peru in the 1780s. He claimed a relation to the last Inca emperor. His violent tactics and attacks on Spanish houses gave him little support from the ruling classes. He was brutally executed. |
| Great Jamaica Revolt | In the 1830s, 60000 enslaved people revolted, destroying hundreds of plantations. -The revolt was crushed This revolt encouraged Britain to outlaw slavery in 1833. |
| Abolitionist Movement | Britain gov pushed for end of slave trading -boycotted slave-produced stuff -1807, slavery abolished, 1807 enslaved people freed -economically/militarily powerful, so pressured others to stop - navy intercepted slave ships & freed them. |
| Nationalism | inspired by Atlantic revolutions -people were divided into separate & culturally distinct nations, each needing their own political control. -fostered unease for foreign gov, (og considered natural) -conquest dimmed after Napoleon’s demise. |
| Vindication of the Rights of Woman | An English woman named Mary Wollstonecraft wrote the Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792. It challenged male superiority and argued for equal rights between the sexes. |
| Women’s Rights Convention | The Women’s Rights Convention took place in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted a statement that mirrored the Declaration of Independence. |
| Explain how political events in Europe contributed to these Latin American Independence Movements. | Napoleon’s conquest of Europe weakened many European empires, including Spain. After being overthrown by Napolea’s forces, the Spanish royal family was exiled to Brazil, allowing Colombia and other Spanish-American colonies to achieve independence. |
| After emancipation, what was life like for these freed groups of people? | Besides Haiti, free slaves didnt achieve equality, suffered socially & economicly. -only Haiti gives land to freed slaves -low-paid/indebted workers for white landowers (US sharecropping) -However, some freed slaves established independent farms. |
| effects of growing Nationalism in the world | decrease in dramatic social divisions as people began to unite -minority groups were further excluded -Creoles pushed nationalism on lower-class groups, convincing the Latin American colonies to break from Spanish |
| civic nationalism | (people could adopt the dominant culture and become part of the nation) |
| Adam Smith | philosophy that people should be able to make their own financial decisions and dictate what they do with their property competition drove industrialization in a free market system |
| Socialism | publicly owned businesses and properties instead of private ones. -work for the good of society and share their profits equally -elimiinates competitiveness that drives the industrial revolution. -sparks revolts and stricks among the lower-class |
| Karl Marx | -born Germany but raised in England, - capitalism would result in rebellion and the creation of a socialist society (one with no classes) -tention betwee poor and rich classes would end. - |
| why karl marx was wrong | ‘Unions and better working conditions, higher wages, abolishing child labor, and the right to vote also prevented rebellion middle class stood between them and prevented rebellion |
| Labour Party | a working-class political party in Britain in the 1890s. It desired society to transition into socialism through a peaceful, democratic reformist program. |
| Progressives | a political party in the United States during the 20th century. - wage and hour legislation, better sanitation, antitrust laws, and more government involvement in the economy, working conditions of workers, limited child labor, working hours |
| Russian Revolution of 1905 | -middle class & laborers had no legal voice -created Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. -Inspired by socialism -went on strike - forced tsar (gov of aristocrats) to add constitution, unions, political parties, national assembly |
| effectiveness of the Russian Revolution of 1905 | The movement forced the tsar to make reforms, such as a constitution, legalizing unions and political parties, and allowing a national assembly (Duma). -These attempts did not last long, and the working class went out on strike |
| Caudillos | military strongmen who ended violent conflicts between the conservative & liberal parties. - possess military and political power -stabilized political landscape of the newly independent Latin American countries. -interference slowed democracy. |
| Mexican Revolution | the middle class, peasants, and workers overthrew their dictator, Porfirio Diaz. -wated to reclaim land & give it to peasants. However, factionalism prevented peasant military leaders from holding lands long-term |
| Results of the Mexican Revolution | - new constitution (universal male suffrage), redistributed land, prevented the church from interfering in public education, |
| why the Industrial revolution started in Europe | -unique philosophical ideas and scientific movements -economic advantages (coal, rivers) -competition between European nations -position between China and the Americas, (natural resources) (sharing of ideas and access to resources) |
| effects of European migrations on South Pacific | -Australia and New Zealand became settler colonies, outposts of European civilization in the South Pacific that overwhelmed their native populations through conquest, taking their land, and spreading diseases |
| effects of European migrations on South America | Because lighter skin was considered a symbol of status, they added importance to the European element in those communities. New settlers gained economic superiority (seized land) |
| effects of European migrations on USA | In the United States, immigrants were more diverse (people came from all around Europe) (1820-1930). Although they had a culture of assimilation (melting pot), Protestants were not tolerant of Catholics or Jews. |
| effects of European migrations on Russia | After Russian landowners freed serfs, many Russians & Ukrainians migrated to Siberia. -gave Russians access to more land & freedom from tsar and aristocrats.- displaces the native people or forces them under Russian rule. -spread Christian Orthodox |
| why did the russian gov encourage the migrations | -Russian government encouraged the migrations → “forestall Chinese pressures in the region” and “relieve growing population pressures.” |
| Industrial resolution in the US | fueled by investment from European states -capitalism -democratic government allowed farmers, workers, and businessmen to generate the majority of the change in society - individuality and freedom led American lower-classmen away from socialism. |
| Industrial resolution in Russia | -change was instigated by the state in efforts to catch up with Europe -middle class and laborers did not have a union or a legal outlet to express their grievances. -socialism popular w/ lower classes -led to revolutionary upheaval & communism |
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Blessed Rectangle 10