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CHAPTER 1.5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The organism | is composed of organ systems |
| Organ systems | are composed of organs |
| Organs | are composed of tissues |
| Tissues | are composed of cells |
| Cells | are composed partly of organelles |
| Organelles | are composed of molecules |
| Molecules | are composed of atoms |
| --- -> Molecule -> Macromolecule -> Organelle -> Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism | Atom |
| Atom -> ---- -> Macromolecule -> Organelle -> Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism | Molecule |
| Atom -> Molecule -> ---- -> Organelle -> Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism | Macromolecule |
| Atom -> Molecule -> Macromolecule -> --- -> Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism | Organelle |
| Atom -> Molecule -> Macromolecule -> Organelle -> ----> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism | Cell |
| Atom -> Molecule -> Macromolecule -> Organelle -> Cell -> ---- -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism | Tissue |
| Atom -> Molecule -> Macromolecule -> Organelle -> Cell -> Tissue -> ----- -> Organ System -> Organism | Organ |
| Atom -> Molecule -> Macromolecule -> Organelle -> Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> ----- -> Organism | Organ System |
| Atom -> Molecule -> Macromolecule -> Organelle -> Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> ---- | Organism |
| The ---- is a single, complete individual. | Organism |
| An ------ is a group of organs with a unique collective function, such as circulation, respiration, or digestion. | Organ System |
| The human body has 11 organ systems, illustrated in atlas A immediately following this chapter | the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphoid, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems. |
| -----, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphoid, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems. | the integumentary |
| the integumentary, ----, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphoid, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems. | skeletal |
| the integumentary, skeletal, -----, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphoid, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems. | muscular |
| the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, -----, endocrine, circulatory, lymphoid, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems. | nervous |
| the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, ----, circulatory, lymphoid, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems. | endocrine |
| the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, -----, lymphoid, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems. | circulatory |
| the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, ----, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems. | lymphoid |
| the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphoid, ------, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems. | respiratory |
| the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphoid, respiratory, -----, digestive, and reproductive systems. | urinary |
| the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphoid, respiratory, urinary, -----, and reproductive systems. | digestive |
| the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphoid, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and ----- systems | reproductive |
| Usually, the organs of one system are physically interconnected, such as the ---- , ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, which compose the urinary system | kidneys |
| Usually, the organs of one system are physically interconnected, such as the kidneys , ----, urinary bladder, and urethra, which compose the urinary system | ureters |
| Usually, the organs of one system are physically interconnected, such as the kidneys , ureters, ---- and urethra, which compose the urinary system | urinary bladder |
| Usually, the organs of one system are physically interconnected, such as the kidneys , ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, which compose the ----- | urinary system |
| An --- is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function. | organ |
| Organs | have definite anatomical boundaries and are visibly distinguishable from adjacent structures. |
| Most organs and higher levels of structure are within the domain of ----- | gross anatomy |
| However, there are organs within organs—the large organs visible to the naked eye often contain smaller organs visible only with the ----- | microscope |
| The ----, for example, is the body's largest organ. | skin |
| Included within skin are thousands of smaller organs | hair, nail, gland, nerve, and blood vessel |
| ----, nail, gland, nerve, and blood vessel: is an organ in itself | hair |
| hair, -----, gland, nerve, and blood vessel: is an organ in itself | nail |
| hair, nail, -----, nerve, and blood vessel: is an organ in itself | gland |
| hair, nail, gland, ----, and blood vessel: is an organ in itself | nerve |
| hair, nail, gland, nerve, and -----: is an organ in itself | blood vessel |
| A single ---- can belong to two organ systems | organ |
| Pancreas | belongs to both the endocrine and digestive systems |
| A ---- is a mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific functions | tissue |
| The body is only composed of only four primary classes of tissue | epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular tissue |
| Cells | are the smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions; nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive |
| A cell is enclosed in a ----- composed of lipids and proteins | plasma membrane |
| Most of cells have one nucleus, an organelle that contains its | DNA |
| Cytology | the study of cells and organelles |
| Organelles | are microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions |
| Organelles | Examples include mitochondria, centrioles, and lysosomes |
| Organelles and other cellular components are composed are of | molecules |
| The largest molecules, such as proteins, such as proteins, fats, and are called | macromolecules |
| A molecule is a particle composed of at least two ---, which are the smallest particles with unique chemical identities | atoms |
| Reductionism | The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components is called |
| First espoused by, ----, this has proved to be a highly productive approach; indeed, it is essential to scientific thinking | Aristotle |
| Yet the ---- view is not the only way of understanding human life | reductionistic |
| Just as it would be very difficult to predict the workings of an - merely by looking at pile of its disassembled gears and levers, one could never predict the human personality from a complete knowledge of the circuitry of the brain or the --- | automobile transmission; genetic sequence |
| Holism | is the complementary theory that there are "emergent properties" of the whole organism that can't be predicted from the properties of its separate parts-human beings are more than the sum of their parts. |
| To be most effective, a health-care provider treats not merely a disease or an organ system, but a ---- | whole person |
| A ---- perceptions, emotional responses to life, and confidence in the nurse, therapist, or physician profoundly affect the outcome of treatment. | patient's |
| In fact, these psychological factors often play a greater role in a patient's recovery than the ---- administered. | physical treatments |
| A quick look around any classroom is enough to show that no two ----- are exactly alike; on close inspection, even identical twins exhibit differences. | humans |
| Yet anatomy --- and textbooks can easily give the impression that everyone's internal anatomy is the same. | atlases |
| Books such as this one can teach you only the most common structure-the anatomy seen in about ---- or more of people | 70% |
| Someone who thinks that all human bodies are the same internally would make a very confused medical student or an | incompetent surgeon |
| Some people lack certain organs | For example, most of us have a palmaris longus muscle in the forearm and a plantaris muscle in the leg, but these are absent from others. |
| Most people have 24 ribs, but as many as ---- of us have 23, 26, or more. | 6% |
| Most of us have one spleen and two kidneys, but some have | two spleens or only one kidney |
| Most kidneys are supplied by a single renal artery and are drained by one ureter, but some | have two renal arteries or ureters (duplex ureters) |
| Variations in ----, physiology, and genetics reveal that not everyone can be simply classified as male or female important variation. | sexual anatomy |
| In most people, the spleen, pancreas, sigmoid colon, and most of the heart are on the ----, whereas the appendix, gallbladder, and most of the liver are on the ----. | left; right |
| The normal arrangement of these and other internal organs is called | situs solitus |
| About 1 in 8,000 people, however, is born with an abnormality called ------the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities are reversed between right and left | situs inversus |
| A selective right-left reversal of the heart is called ----. | dextrocardia |
| In situs perversus, a single organ occupies an atypical position-for example, a kidney located low in the pelvic cavity instead of high in the ----- | abdominal cavity |
| Conditions such as ----- in the absence of complete situs inversus can cause serious medical problems | dextrocardia |
| Complete -----, however, usually causes no functional problems because all of the viscera, though reversed, maintain their normal relationships to one another. | Situs inversus |
| is often discovered in the fetus by sonography, but many people remain unaware of their condition for decades until it is discovered by medical imaging, on physical examination, or in surgery. | Situs inversus |
| You can easily imagine the importance of such conditions in diagnosing appendicitis, performing gallbladder surgery, interpreting an X-ray, auscultating the heart valves, or recording an ------. | electrocardiogram |
| Conditions such as ---- in the absence of complete situs inversus can cause serious medical problems. | dextrocardia |
| Complete ----, however, usually causes no functional problems because all of the viscera, though reversed, maintain their normal relationships to one another. | situs inversus |
| is often discovered in the fetus by sonography, but many people remain unaware of their condition for decades until it is discovered by medical imaging, on physical examination, or in surgery. | situs inversus |
| You can easily imagine the importance of such conditions in diagnosing appendicitis, performing gallbladder surgery, interpreting an X-ray, auscultating the heart valves, or recording an ----. | electrocardiogram |
| People who are allergic to aspirin or penicillin often wear MedicAlert bracelets or necklaces that note this fact in case they need emergency medical treatment and are unable to communicate. | A MedicAlert bracelet informs medical personnel of reversed organ positions, preventing misdiagnosis or incorrect procedures during surgeries or examinations, like appendicitis or heart assessments. |
| Why would it be important for a person with situs inversus (see Deeper Insight 1.2) to have this noted on a MedicAlert bracelet? | This ensures accurate and safe medical treatment, similar to how allergy alerts prevent harmful medication administration. |
| In the hierarchy of human structure, what is the level between organ system and tissue? | In the hierarchy of human structure, the level between an organ system and tissue is the organ. An organ consists of multiple tissue types working together, like a team in a relay race, each with a specific role |
| Between cell and molecule? | Between a cell and a molecule is the organelle, which functions like a factory, processing materials to sustain cell life. |
| How are tissues relevant to the definition of an organ? | Tissues are crucial in defining an organ because they are the building blocks that come together to form organs. |
| Why is reductionism a necessary but not sufficient point of view for fully understanding a patient's illness? | Reductionism breaks down complex systems into simpler parts, aiding in understanding specific components of a patient's illness. |
| Why should medical students observe multiple cadavers and not be satisifed to dissect only one? | Medical students should observe multiple cadavers to appreciate anatomical variation. |
Created by:
Russells3709