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Exam 1 Physical Ant
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homininsmembers of the evolutionary lineage that includes ourselves, modern Homo sapiens, and all extinct bipedal relatives. | members of the evolutionary lineage that includes ourselves, modern Homo sapiens, and all extinct bipedal relatives. |
| bipedally= on two feet | |
| Anthropology= The field of inquiry that studies human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology; includes cultural anthropology, archaeology, linguistics, and physical, or biological, anthropology. | |
| Evolution= A change in the genetic structure of a population. The term is also frequently used to refer to the appearance of a new species. | |
| Variation= Differences in humans | |
| Adaptation= An anatomical, physiological, or behavioral response of organisms or populations to the environment. Adaptations result from evolutionary change (specifically, as a result of natural selection). | |
| species= a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. Members of one species are reproductively isolated from members of all other species. | |
| Primates= the group of mammals that includes apes, monkeys, tarsiers, lemurs, lorises and humans.Microevolution= Small genetic changes that occur within a population or species; this produces different frequencies of certain traits within populations. | |
| Macroevolution= When genetic alterations accumulate over time between isolated populations of a species, it may result in the appearance of a new species (speciation); called macroevolution. | |
| Genetic: to do with the study of gene structure and action and the patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring. | |
| Continuum= a set of relationships in which all components fall along a single integrated spectrum; all life on earth reflects a single biological continuum. | |
| Behavior= Anything organisms do that involves action in response to internal or external stimuli; the response of an individual, group, or species to its environment. Such responses may or may not be deliberate, and they aren’t necessarily the result of c | |
| Culture= Behavioral aspects of human adaptation, including technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage patterns, and social roles. Culture is a set of learned behaviors transmitted from one generation to the next by nonbiological (i.e., nongeneti | |
| Worldview= General cultural orientation or perspective shared by members of a society. | |
| Biocultural evolution= The mutual, interactive evolution of human biology and culture; the concept that biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution; a basic concept in understanding t | |
| Applied anthropology= The practical application of anthropological and archaeological theories and techniques. For example, many biological anthropologists work in the public health sector. | |
| Cultural (or social) anthropology= the study of patterns of belief and behavior found in modern and historical cultures. | |
| Ethnographies= Detailed descriptive studies of human societies. In cultural anthropology, ethnography is traditionally the study of a non-Western society. | |
| Linguistic anthropology= focuses on the relationship between human speech and language and different aspects of culture, such as the role of symbols in society, social identity, and cultural beliefs and ideologies. | |
| Archaeology= the study of earlier cultures by anthropologists who specialize in the scientific recovery, analysis, and interpretation of the material remains of past societies. | |
| Artifacts= Objects or materials made or modified for use by hominins. The earliest artifacts are usually tools made of stone or, occasionally, bone. | |
| physical anthropology= the study of human biology within the framework of evolution with an emphasis on the interaction between biology and culture. Also known as biological anthropology | |
| Paleoanthropology= The interdisciplinary approach to the study of earlier hominins—their chronology, physical structure, archaeological remains, habitats, and so on. | |
| Nutritional anthropology= the study the relationships between various dietary components, cultural practices, physiology, and certain aspects of health and disease | |
| Molecular anthropology= using cutting-edge technologies to investigate evolutionary relationships between human populations as well as between humans and nonhuman primates. | |
| Osteology= The study of skeletal material. Human osteology focuses on the interpretation of the skeletal remains from archaeological sites, skeletal anatomy, bone physiology, and growth and development. Some of the same techniques are used in paleoanthrop | |
| Bioarchaeology= The study of human skeletal remains and their archaeological contexts. | |
| Paleopathology= The branch of osteology that studies the evidence of disease and injury in human skeletal (or, occasionally, mummified) remains from archaeological sites. | |
| Forensic anthropology= An applied anthropological approach focused on the application of osteology and archaeology to legal matters. Forensic anthropologists work with coroners and others in identifying and analyzing human remains. | |
| Primatology= the study of the biology and behavior of nonhuman primates (lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes). | |
| Science= A body of knowledge gained through observation and experimentation; from the Latin scientia, meaning “knowledge.” | |
| Hypotheses (sing., hypothesis)= Provisional explanations of phenomena. Hypotheses require verification or falsification through testing. | |
| Empirical= Relying on experiment or observation; from the Latin empiricus, meaning “experienced.” | |
| scientific method= An approach to research whereby a problem is identified, a hypothesis (provisional explanation) is stated, and that hypothesis is tested by collecting and analyzing data. | |
| Data(sing., datum)= Facts from which conclusions can be drawn; scientific information. | |
| Quantitatively= Pertaining to measurements of quantity and including such properties as size, number, and capacity. When data are quantified, they’re expressed numerically and can be tested statistically. | |
| Theory= A broad statement of scientific relationships or underlying principles that has been substantially verified through the testing of hypotheses. | |
| Scientific testing= The precise repetition of an experiment or expansion of observed data to provide verification; the procedure by which hypotheses and theories are verified, modified, or discarded. | |
| Ethnocentric= Viewing other cultures from the inherently biased perspective of one’s own culture. Ethnocentrism often results in other cultures being seen as inferior to one’s own. | |
| Relativistic | Viewing entities as they relate to something else. Cultural relativism is the view that cultures have merits within their own historical and environmental contexts. |
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