A substance that controls the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the reaction.

A 3D-shaped protein that acts as a biological catalyst.

The molecule an enzyme acts on.

The molecule formed by enzyme action.

Enzyme specificity Each type of enzyme acts only on one substrate or class of substrates due to the unique shape of its active site.

There is a small, unique depression on the surface of the enzyme called the active site. The shape of the active site matches the shape of the substrate it acts on.

Catabolic reaction/example

A reaction where large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules e.g Respiration

Anabolic reaction and example

A reaction where small molecules build up into large molecules e.g photosynthesis

An enzyme stops working when its shape has changed so much that it no longer fits with substrate molecules. At this point, the enzyme is denatured. Human enzymes are denatured beyond 60 °C.

An enzyme that has lost its normal shape and ability to work properly.

Factors affecting enzymes

• substrate concentration • enzyme concentration • temperature • environmental pH.

1. Add hydrogen peroxide. 2. 10ml of PH buffer. 3. Add washing up liquid. 4. Drop liver. 5. Measure, the foam produced. 6. Record results

Each type of enzyme acts only on one substrate or class of substrates due to the unique shape of it’s active site

Experiment steps, The volume of foam effected by the PH buffer level

1. Gather equipment & materials. 2. Pour 20ml of PH buffer into the graduated cylinder. 3. Insert 10ml of Hydrogen peroxide into the syringe. 4. Pour 2 drops of washing up liquid into the graduated cylinder. 5. Place the liver (enzyme, catalase) in the li

Users of enzymes in industries

3 areas in industries where enzymes play a vital role. 1. Food and beverages. 2. Biofuels. 3. Medicine and pharmaceuticals

Food and beverage industry

Enzyme: Lactase. Conversion: Lactose (substrate), Glucose & galactose (product). Commercial use: Modification of milk for Lactose-intolerant people. Process: Cow’s milk is poured through a column in a bioreactor that contains immobilised lactose enzymes

Methods of enzyme use in industries

1. Free in solution. 2. Immobilised (or fixed in position)

Enzymes free in solution

Enzyme is placed in a bioreactor with a solution of substrate. The enzyme and substrate are free to move around in the solution and collide with each other to create the product.

Most modern bioreactors hold enzymes in a fixed position. These immobilised enzymes mimic the situation in cells, where enzymes are often fixed to membranes.

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Bio 5th ch 26, 27

Question	Answer
Catalyst	A substance that controls the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the reaction.
Enzyme	A 3D-shaped protein that acts as a biological catalyst.
Enzyme chemical nature
Substrate	The molecule an enzyme acts on.
Product	The molecule formed by enzyme action.
Specific	Enzyme specificity Each type of enzyme acts only on one substrate or class of substrates due to the unique shape of its active site.
Active site	There is a small, unique depression on the surface of the enzyme called the active site. The shape of the active site matches the shape of the substrate it acts on.
Metabolism
Catabolic reaction/example	A reaction where large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules e.g Respiration
Anabolic reaction and example	A reaction where small molecules build up into large molecules e.g photosynthesis
	The are made in the ribosomes and protein
	The sum of all chemical reactions that take place
Optimum conditions
Denaturation	An enzyme stops working when its shape has changed so much that it no longer fits with substrate molecules. At this point, the enzyme is denatured. Human enzymes are denatured beyond 60 °C.
Denatured enzyme	An enzyme that has lost its normal shape and ability to work properly.
Activation energy
Factors affecting enzymes	• substrate concentration • enzyme concentration • temperature • environmental pH.
	Reaction; Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)and liver (catalase)= Water+oxygen (H20+O2). Equipment; syringe, graduated cyclinder, beeker, small beeker and forspec
Experiment steps	1. Add hydrogen peroxide. 2. 10ml of PH buffer. 3. Add washing up liquid. 4. Drop liver. 5. Measure, the foam produced. 6. Record results
Enzyme specificity	Each type of enzyme acts only on one substrate or class of substrates due to the unique shape of it’s active site
The mechanism of enzyme action is described by the induced fit model	In copy 27/1/26
Experiment steps, The volume of foam effected by the PH buffer level	1. Gather equipment & materials. 2. Pour 20ml of PH buffer into the graduated cylinder. 3. Insert 10ml of Hydrogen peroxide into the syringe. 4. Pour 2 drops of washing up liquid into the graduated cylinder. 5. Place the liver (enzyme, catalase) in the li
Users of enzymes in industries	3 areas in industries where enzymes play a vital role. 1. Food and beverages. 2. Biofuels. 3. Medicine and pharmaceuticals
Food and beverage industry	Enzyme: Lactase. Conversion: Lactose (substrate), Glucose & galactose (product). Commercial use: Modification of milk for Lactose-intolerant people. Process: Cow’s milk is poured through a column in a bioreactor that contains immobilised lactose enzymes
Methods of enzyme use in industries	1. Free in solution. 2. Immobilised (or fixed in position)
Enzymes free in solution	Enzyme is placed in a bioreactor with a solution of substrate. The enzyme and substrate are free to move around in the solution and collide with each other to create the product.
Immobilised enzymes	Most modern bioreactors hold enzymes in a fixed position. These immobilised enzymes mimic the situation in cells, where enzymes are often fixed to membranes.

Created by: Louie Masterson

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