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Anatomy Unit 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lobes of the Brain | frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal |
| frontal lobe | anterior to the center sulcus |
| Parietal lobe | posterior to the central sulcus |
| occipital lobe | posterior brain |
| Temporal lobe | below lateral fissure |
| Right and left brain control | right brain controls left side of body, vice versa |
| Cerebrum anatomy | Anterior portion - largest part of the brain - 2 cerebral hemispheres - right hemisphere - left hemisphere |
| Cerebellum (Anatomy) | - posterior of brain - "little brain" |
| Brain stem (anatomy) | - inferior of brain - stalk sticking out - relays information from brain to spinal cord |
| What are sulci/fissures | - valleys - sulci shallow - fissure deep |
| Some important sulcus and fissures to know | - central sulcus - longitudinal cerebral fissure - separates the two cerebral hemispheres - lateral sulcus |
| Gyri - Definition and types | mountains - precentral gyrus: area anterior to central sulcus - postcentral gyrus: area posterior to central sulcus - temporal gyrus: area inferior to lateral sulcus |
| Gray matter | - outer layer - called cerebral cortex - collection of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS - where you ANALYZE information |
| White Matter | - collection of axons - in middle of brain, appear white - white because of myelin - speed up nerve impulses |
| cerebrospinal fluid | - surround brain and spinal cord - cushions brain and spinal cord from injury (both float in fluid) - helps deliver nutrients to the brain and takes away wastes |
| Ventricular system | - system of cavities and passageways that produce, transport, and remove cerebrospinal fluid around CNS - like a "river" |
| Meninges | - the membranes that the brain and spinal cord are protected by - Dura Mater - Arachnoid Membrane - Pia Mater |
| What does cerebrospinal fluid separate | Arachnoid Membrane + Pia Mater |
| Dura mater | Outermost, tough, inelastic |
| Arachnoid Membrane | Middle - "Spider-Web" |
| Pia Mater | thin membrane surrounding brain |
| Brain stem (Anatomy) | controls vital functions - pons - medulla oblongata - diencephalon (hypothalamus + thalamus) - midbrain (between diencephalon and pons) - thalamus - hypothalamus |
| sense of smell | olfactory bulbs - bring in smell - cranial nerve 1 |
| Sense of sight | optic nerve - takes in information from eye - cranial nerve 2 |
| Corpus callosum | - axons that connect left hemisphere to right hemisphere - how the right and left hemispheres communicate with one another |
| Hippocampus | learning and memory |
| Amygdala | - memory of emotional actions - fear and anger |
| blood brain barrier | - highly selective semipermeable border of cells - prevent toxins/pathogens from entering brain, while allowing vital nutrients - only place in body found |
| Cerebral cortex (neocortex) | outer layer of brain made up of gray matter - CELL BODIES - analyze! |
| What are association areas | - not motor of sensory - analyze and interpret sensory experiences - help provide memory, reasoning, verbalizing, judgement, emotions - relate what your senses bring in to what you have already learned |
| Frontal lobe motor areas | -primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) - skeletal muscles |
| frontal lobe association areas | - cognitive processes - concentrating, planning, problem solving, reasoning, judgement - personality - broca's area |
| Broca's area | - motor speech area (where you develop speech) - only on left hemisphere |
| Primary motor cortex functions | - in a precentral gyrus (frontal lobe) - controls skeletal movement - amount of space taken up = intricacy of body part |
| Parietal lobe sensory areas | - sensory (post central gyrus) - TOUCH - temperature, touch, pressure + pain |
| Parietal lobe association areas | - understanding speech, using words to express thoughts and feelings - taste - Wernicke's area |
| Wernicke's area | - comprehend speech - only on left hemisphere - axons connect this to Broca's area - they work together |
| Primary somatosensory cortex | - in the postcentral gyrus - interpret sensations of temperature, touch, pressure, and pain - amount of space taken up = intricacy of body part |
| Temporal lobe sensory areas | hearing |
| Temporal lobe association areas | - interpret and analyze hearing - make connections to what you have already learned - smell |
| Occipital lobe sensory areas | vision |
| Occipital lobe association areas | - combine vision with other sensory experiences + what you have already experienced |
| Cerebellum functions | - coordinates movements of the motor cortex - works hand-in-hand with primary motor cortex to coordinate all movements of skeletal muscles |
| Brain stem: pons | - sleeping -regulates breathing |
| Brainstem: medulla oblongata | - cardiac center (heart) - control smooth muscle of body - respiratory control |
| Brainstem: corpus callosum | - huge bundle of axons that connect both of the hemispheres - how the right and left hemispheres communicate to one another |
| Brainstem: diencephalon | - made up of thalamus and hypothalamus |
| Brainstem: thalamus | - receives all sensory impulses and channels them to the appropriate regions for interpretation - directs traffic |
| Brainstem: hypothalamus | - homeostasis - body temperature - heart rate - blood pressure - hunger and more |
| brainstem: midbrain | - between diencephalon and pons - vision - hearing |
| Cranial Nerves | - part of PNS - pass through foramina (holes) in the skull - some are sensory only, some are motor only - most are mixed - sensory and motor cranial Nerves - originate from cranium (brain) |
| Testing cranial nerves | cranial nerves travel through distinct locations in the brain, thus testing them is important to do as they can sometimes give us early and detailed information about brain injury |
| olfactory | - I - sensory - smell Test: patient describes odor |
| Optic | - II - sensory - vision Test: patient reads material with both eyes |
| Oculomotor | III - motor - movement of eyes, raising eyelids, pupillary, dilation/constriction, lens focusing Test: shining a penlight into each eye - pupil construction |
| Trochlear nerve | IV - motor - eye movement Test: patient follows the movement of light with eyes |
| Trigeminal | V - mixed - sensory - face sensations - motor - muscles of mastication (chewing) Test: have patient open wide, push to close with hand and have them withstand |
| Abducens | VI - motor - eye movement Test: eyes move with penlight |
| Facial | VII - mixed - sensory - taste on tongue - motor - muscles of facial expression Test: patient makes faces at you |
| Vestibulocochlear | VIII - sensory - hearing and balance Test: patient is able to hear and stand upright and walk |
| Glossopharyngeal | IX - mixed - swallowing and gag reflex Test: patient can swallow or gag without difficulty |
| Vagus | X - mixes - speech to swallowing - autonomic to thorax and abdominal organs including heart rate - parasympathetic system Test: swallow without difficulty |
| Spinal accessory nerve | XI - motor - move neck and back muscles Test: patients should be able to shrug shoulder against resistance |
| Hypoglossal | XII - motor - moves tongue Test: patient should stick out tongue |
| Left hemisphere | Analytic thought (step by step) - logic - conclusions based on logic - language - using words to describe/define - math/science - number use, awareness of time, linear reasoning |
| Right hemisphere | Holistic thought - seeing big picture Intuition - based on hunches Creativity - demonstrate w/ minimal word use Art + music - put pieces together to form whole |
| Spinal cord vs vertebral column | spinal cord - nerves that run down the brain to rest of the body vertebral column - boney casing around the spinal cord to protect it - spinal cord = shorter than vertebral column |
| Spinal cord | - runs down body from brainstem encased by vertebrae - gets information from body, relays it to brain and delivers info to respond to environment - spinal nerves come off of spinal cord to rest of body Innervate = supply with nerves |
| Spinal nerves | - 31 pairs - either sensory (afferent) or motor (efferent) - originate from spine |
| Sections of spinal cord | Cervical - C1-C8 Thoracic- T1-T12 Lumbar- L1-L5 Sacral- S1-S5 Coccygeal-C1 |
| Cauda Equina | "horses tail" - after L2 |
| Dermatone | - an area of the skin that the sensory (afferent) nerves innervates - each sensory neuron gets information from a different area of the skin |
| Spinal nerves innervate ___ as well | muscles - specific spinal nerves - motor (efferent) neurons innervate specific areas of muscles |
| Plexuses | - these groupings of spinal nerves are called Plexuses - 3 major plexuses - cervical plexus - brachial plexus - lumbosacral plexus |
| Spinal nerve anatomy | - each spinal nerve emerges from spinal cord by two short branches of roots - dorsal root: sensory neurons entrance into spinal cord - ventral root: motor neurons, exit spinal cord |
| Inside the spinal cord | Horns: Dorsal: sensory Ventral: motor Unmyelinated (Somas) |
| Ascending tracts | - nerves that carry information TO spinal cord and UP to the brain - sensory, senses bring in information - these are myelinated |
| Descending tracts | - nerves that carry info down from brain and away from spinal cord - motor tell muscles to move to respond to environment - these are myelinated |
| Reflex behavior | - automatic and subconscious - DON'T GO TO BRAIN - help maintain homeostasis - protect the body - control heart rate, Blood pressure, breathing rate, digestion, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, vomiting |
| Reflex arc | - begins at sensory receptor - enter as CNS, only spinal cord - synapse with interneurons - interneurons synapse with motor neurons - no brain - want a quick response |
Created by:
Shannonnev0822