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SS01_CULTURE_CO2_#4

🌍🧩SS01_Culture,Society,Politics_Comprehensive Master Set_#4

QuestionAnswer
Culture Shared beliefs, values, practices, and material objects of a group.
Material Culture Physical objects created by society.
Nonmaterial Culture Ideas, beliefs, values, and norms.
Norms Rules that guide behavior in society.
Values Standards of what is good, desirable, or important.
Beliefs Ideas accepted as true by members of a culture.
Symbols Objects, gestures, or images with shared meaning.
Language System of symbols enabling communication.
Cultural Universals Traits found in all human societies.
Cultural Variation Differences in cultural practices among groups.
Subculture Group with distinct cultural patterns within a larger culture.
Counterculture Group rejecting dominant cultural norms.
Ethnocentrism Judging another culture using one’s own standards.
Cultural Relativism Understanding a culture based on its own context.
Enculturation Learning and internalizing one’s own culture.
Acculturation Cultural exchange between groups through contact.
Cultural Lag Delay in cultural adjustments to new technology.
Cultural Change Transformation of cultural patterns over time.
Diffusion Spread of cultural traits from one group to another.
Globalization Increasing interconnectedness of societies worldwide.
Society A group of individuals sharing a common culture, territory, and social relations.
Social Structure Organized patterns of relationships and institutions that shape behavior.
Status A social position a person occupies.
Role Expected behavior associated with a particular status.
Ascribed Status A status assigned at birth, such as sex or ethnicity.
Achieved Status A status earned through effort, such as a profession.
Primary Group Small, intimate, long-term relationships like family or close friends.
Secondary Group Larger, impersonal, goal-oriented groups like classmates or coworkers.
Social Institutions Stable systems that meet societal needs (family, education, religion, etc.).
Norms (Society) Shared rules that guide behavior in social groups.
Values (Society) Deeply held beliefs about what is good or desirable.
Mores Strong norms with moral significance.
Folkways Everyday norms with less moral weight.
Laws Formal norms enforced by the state.
Social Control Mechanisms that regulate behavior through formal or informal means.
Deviance Behavior that violates social norms.
Social Sanctions Rewards or punishments used to enforce norms.
Social Change Transformation of culture, institutions, and social behavior over time.
Social Inequality Unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges.
Stratification Ranking of individuals based on wealth, power, or prestige.
Socialization The lifelong process of learning culture, values, and expected behaviors.
Enculturation (Socialization) Learning and internalizing one’s own culture.
Acculturation (Socialization) Adopting cultural traits from another group.
Agents of Socialization Individuals or institutions that shape social learning.
Family Primary agent teaching norms, language, identity, and early values.
School Agent that teaches discipline, cooperation, and formal knowledge.
Peers Groups that influence identity, belonging, and independence.
Mass Media Agent shaping attitudes through information and representation.
Religion Agent instilling moral values, beliefs, and worldviews.
Government Agent shaping civic identity, citizenship, and law-abiding behavior.
Hidden Curriculum Unspoken lessons learned in school such as punctuality and obedience.
Anticipatory Socialization Preparing for future roles by practicing expected behaviors.
Resocialization Learning new norms after major life changes or transitions.
Total Institution Highly controlled environment where resocialization occurs (e.g., military).
Identity Formation Development of self-concept through social interaction.
Self-Concept How individuals perceive and define themselves.
Looking-Glass Self Cooley’s idea that self develops through others’ perceptions.
Role-Taking Mead’s concept of imagining oneself in another’s position.
Generalized Other Internalized expectations of society as a whole.
Social Norm Internalization Accepting norms as part of one’s own values and behavior.
 

 



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