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FInals Number 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 4 layers of the Earth? | Crust (thin outer layer, thinnest), Mantle (thick, semi-molten), Outer Core (liquid iron/nickel, magnetic field), Inner Core (solid iron/nickel, hottest) |
| Oceanic crust vs continental crust | Oceanic = thinner, denser, basalt, younger; Continental = thicker, less dense, granite, older |
| What is a divergent boundary? | Plates move apart; magma rises; new crust forms (mid-ocean ridges) |
| What is a convergent boundary? | Plates move together; subduction occurs; crust destroyed |
| Where is new ocean crust formed? | Divergent boundaries |
| Where is oceanic crust destroyed? | Convergent boundaries (subduction zones) |
| What are the 5 oceans? | Pacific (largest/deepest), Atlantic (salty), Indian (warmest), Southern (cold, Antarctica), Arctic (smallest/shallowest) |
| Deepest ocean features | Trenches (ex: Mariana Trench) |
| How does oxygen reach the deep sea? | Mixed down by currents, waves, and convection |
| Biogenous vs lithogenous sediment | Biogenous = from organisms; Lithogenous = from land |
| 3 parts of the continental margin | Continental shelf, slope, rise |
| Average ocean salinity | 35 ppt (35 g salt per 1000 g seawater) |
| Main factor changing salinity | Evaporation and precipitation |
| Two factors affecting seawater density | Temperature and salinity |
| What drives surface currents? | Wind |
| Motion of water in a wave | Water moves in circles; energy moves forward |
| Diurnal tide | 1 high, 1 low per day |
| Semidiurnal tide | 2 equal highs and lows |
| Mixed semidiurnal tide | Unequal highs and lows |
| Ectotherm | Body temperature depends on environment |
| Endotherm | Produces body heat internally |
| Poikilotherm | Variable body temperature |
| Homeotherm | Constant body temperature |
| Osmoconformer | Internal salinity matches environment; low energy |
| Osmoregulator | Controls internal salinity; high energy |
| Autotroph vs heterotroph | Autotroph makes food; heterotroph eats others |
| What is broadcast spawning? | Release eggs and sperm into water; many offspring, low survival |
| What is binomial nomenclature? | Two-part scientific name (Genus species) |
| Levels of taxonomy | Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species |
| Plankton | Drift with currents |
| Nekton | Strong swimmers |
| Benthos | Live on ocean floor |
| Two prokaryotic domains | Bacteria and Archaea |
| Cyanobacteria | Photosynthetic bacteria; produce oxygen |
| Protozoans | Unicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic |
| Seaweed structures | Holdfast (anchor), stipe (support), blade (photosynthesis), air bladders (buoyancy |
| Three types of algae | Green (closest to plants), Brown (largest, kelp), Red (deepest) |
| Asymmetrical | No symmetry (sponges) |
| Radial symmetry | Body parts around a central axis (jellyfish) |
| Bilateral symmetry | Left and right mirror images (fish) |
| Anterior / Posterior | Front / Back |
| Dorsal / Ventral | Top / Bottom |
| Oral / Aboral | Mouth side / opposite mouth |
| Cephalo | Head |
| Arthro | Joint |
| Pod | Foot |
| Derm | Skin |
| Key traits of sponges | Asymmetrical, sessile, filter feeders, no true tissues |
| Sponge water flow | Ostia → Spongocoel → Osculum |
| Choanocytes | Move water, trap food |
| Amoebocytes | Transport nutrients, make skeleton |
| Spongin vs spicules | Spongin = flexible protein; Spicules = hard support |
| Stinging cells | Cnidocytes (contain nematocysts) |
| Polyp vs medusa | Polyp = sessile; Medusa = free-swimming |
| Cnidarian symmetry & digestion | Radial symmetry; incomplete digestive tract |
| Hydrozoans | Colonial cnidarians (Portuguese man-of-war) |
| Gastropods | Snails, sea slugs, nudibranchs |
| Bivalves | Clams, mussels, oysters |
| Cephalopods | Squid, octopus, cuttlefish |
| Radula | Tongue-like structure with teeth |
| Chromatophores | Color-changing pigment cells |
| Arthropod traits | Bilateral symmetry, jointed legs, exoskeleton, segmented |
| Why arthropods molt | Exoskeleton can’t grow |
| Carapace | Hard shell over cephalothorax |
| Male vs female crab | Female = wide abdomen; Male = narrow |
| Larval vs adult symmetry | Larvae = bilateral; Adults = radial |
| Water vascular system | Madreporite → canals → tube feet |
| Tube feet functions | Movement, feeding, respiration |
| How sea stars eat | Open prey with tube feet; stomach exits body |
| Pedicellariae | Tiny pincers for defense and cleaning |
Created by:
ecarg