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SOC exam review
Study guide
| Theoretical perspectives | A theoretical approach that sees society as a structure with interrelated needs |
| functionalism | parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of people in the society |
| conflict | a theory that looks at society as a competition for resources |
| symbolic interaction | a theoretical perspective through which scholars examine the relationship of individuals within the society using common |
| What is sociology | the systematic study of society and social interactions |
| sociological imagination | the ability to understand how your own past relates to other people/history |
| hypothesis | a testable proposition |
| independent variable | cause of the change |
| dependent variable | the effect or thing that is changed |
| ethics- what are they? Why are they necessary? | the formal guidelines for conducting sociological research to make sure people get compensation for research done on them |
| Quantitative research | data collected in numerical form that can be counted and analysis using statistics |
| qualitative research | non-numerical,descriptive data that is often subjective & based on what is experienced in natural setting |
| formal sanctions | sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced |
| informal sanctions | sanctions that occur in face-face interactions |
| language | a symbolic system of communication |
| culture | shared beliefs, values, and practices |
| symbols | gestures or objects that meanings are also associated with them that people who share culture recognize. |
| norms | the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured |
| socialization | the process where people come to understand societal norms and expectations |
| what are agents of socialization | family, peer groups, mass media, institutional agents, work, government, and religion |
| cyber bullying | the act for making fun of a person online in some way |
| meritocracy | a bureaucracy where members and advancements is based on merit-proven and documented skills |
| Theories of deviance | Functionalism, strain theory, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism |
| Functionalism | serves societal functions |
| strain theory | discrepancy between goals and means |
| conflict theory | power imbalances defining deviance |
| symbolic interactionism | deviance as learned and labeled by others |
| Race, class, education, home ownership, and income- what do they mean and how are they connected? | they are connected through social stratification and how the ranking plays out |
| Bias | prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared to another, usually unfair. |
| implicit bias | the process of associating stereotypes or attitudes towards categories of people without conscious awareness |
| Explicit bias | conscious, deliberate attitudes and beliefs people hold about groups of individuals |
| Sex | Ones genetically born gender |
| gender | The choice or orientation of someone's choice of pronouns |
| social sex role | the sets of socially accepted behaviors, attitudes and expectations assigned to individuals based on their biological sex |
| sexual orientation | an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attraction to men, women, both. |
| role of dating | serves as a key socialization process for learning relationship skills, exploring identity, and navigating social norms |
| marriage and family | fundamental social institutions that structure society, providing socialization, support, and identity |
| ageism | discrimination based on age |
| stages of life cycle | childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age |
| social theory | analytical framework and ideas explaining how much societies function, change and development |
| social institutions | patterns or beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs |