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Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functions of the digestive system | 1. digestion 2. absorption 3. excretion |
| Chemical digestion | catabolic reactions that break down food so that the body can easier absorb them |
| Mechanical digestion | mastication = chewing maceration = dissolving of food in stomach acid |
| Alimentary canal | The tube running through the body from the mouth to the anus |
| Accessory organs | organs that do not have direct contact with the food. Liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and the salivary glands. |
| Saliva | fluid secreted by the salivary glands |
| salivary amylase | enzyme that chemically breaks down starch |
| What are the parts that make up the tooth? | Root, blood vessels/nerves, pulp/pulp cavity, root canal, dentin, neck, gingiva, crown, enamel, bone, peri0dontal ligament |
| crown | exposed part of the tooth |
| neck | between crown and root (junction) |
| Root | one to three projections of tooth |
| Gingiva | the gums |
| Periodontal ligament | absorbs shock when chewing. lines the root |
| Enamel | protects teeth from wear and tear. hardest substance in the body. |
| Dentin | calcified connective tissue that provides true structure of tooth |
| Pulp | fleshy material found in the pulp cavity. contains some nerves and blood vessels |
| Root canal | opening within the root that allow for passage of nerves and blood vessels |
| Examples of mechanical digestion | deglutition,mastication, maceration, peristalsis, segmentation, haustral churning |
| Peristalsis | smooth muscle contractions that propel food down the alimentary canal. |
| Segmentation | localized contractions within the small intestines that help to mix food with digestive juices |
| Haustral churning | localized to the large intestine, a haustrum will become full with chyme and when full, muscles contract to move food to the next haustrum |
| Parts of the stomach from superior to inferior | Cardiac sphincter, fundus, body, pylorus, pyloric sphincter. Rugae are folds of mucosa which stretch to increase the size of stomach. |
| Cardiac sphincter | Junction at the end of the esophagus that meets opening of stomach |
| fundus | superior end of stomach |
| Body | middle stomach |
| Pylorus | inferior |
| Pyloric sphincter | opening/junction between the stomach and the duodenum |
| Components of gastric juices | Pepsinogen/pepsin, parietal cells, goblet cells |
| Pepsin | enzyme secreted at the presence of hydrochloric acid. facilitates chemical digestion. |
| Parietal cells | secrete hydrochloric acid, help with absorption in the stomach |
| Goblet cells | Mucus cells, protect inner lining of stomach by secreting mucus |
| function of pancreas in digestive system | secrete digestive enzymes through the pancreatic duct into the duodenum. it helps to chemically digest carbs, lipids, and proteins. |
| What is bile? | greenish color fluid that is produced in liver and further concentrated in the gallbladder |
| What is the function of bile? | emulsification. it is secreted into the duodenum at the presence of fat through the hepatic duct. bile is later excreted in the feces |
| Emulsification | The breakdown of lipids from large to smaller pieces to make it possible for chemical digestion |
| duodenum | 14 inches long with a purpose of chemical digestion |
| jejunum | 8 feet long and where most absorption of nutrients occurs |
| ileum | 12 feet long with more nutrient absorption |
| Functions of the large intestine | 1. Absorption of water, vitamins, and electrolytes 2. Production of vitamin K 3. Formation of feces 4. excretion of feces |
| Which valve connects the small intestine to the large intestine? | The ileocecal valve |
| What is the appendix attached to? | cecum |
| Appendicitis | appendix becomes inflamed |
| Cirrhosis | scarring of the liver caused by other diseases, alcohol use, obesity, etc. The scarring makes it hard for liver to function |
| Colorectal cancer | overgrowth of cells in the colon or rectum |
| Gallstones | hardened mineral deposits in the gallbladder causing abdominal pain/discomfort |
| Hepatitis | inflammation of the liver caused by viruses. alcohol, toxins, autoimmune diseases, or sexual contact. |
| Obesity | an excess of body fat |
| Ulcers | damage of the lining of the small intestine or stomach. open sores |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | ongoing condition affecting the GI tract with cramping, belly pain, bloating, gas, diarrhea/constipation, etc. |
| Crohn's disease | category of IBS. Chronic swelling and inflammation of the GI tract. most commonly at the ileum or colon |
| Celiac disease | A severe intolerance to gluten. |
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