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BIO QUIZ CUMULATIVE!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| make sure to go through bio quiz 1 & 2 flashcards too! | yes!! |
| what is light energy absorbed by in light-dependent reactions? | pigments |
| what does light dependent reactions cause water to do? | splits water into H+ (proton), e-, and Oxygen (waste product as O2) |
| what are the 3 steps in the pathway of e-? where are the membranes embedded? | 1) photosystem II 2) electron transport chain 3) photosystem I - membranes embedded in the thylakoid membrane. |
| what does the movement of e- cause? is it active/passive transport? what does it add to? | it causes extra H+ from stroma to be pumped into thylakoid space (area inside thylakoid) | active transport | adds to the H+ that are already there from the splitting of H2O |
| at the end, what does e- make and combine with? | the e- combines with H and NADP+ in stroma to make NADPH. |
| how is e- energized and travel? | e- energized by light and travel from molecule to molecule within thylakoid membrane. |
| what happens at the end of the journey of e- and H+? | the e- combines with H+ and NADP+ in the stroma to make NADPH. |
| where does H+ have a constant supply in? | stroma and in thylakoid space |
| as E- causes more H+ to be pumped into the thylakoid space, what forms? | a proton gradient! |
| what is a proton gradient? | concentration gradient involving H+ across a membrane |
| what does this proton gradient cause? | causes H+ to passively flow from the thylakoid space to the stroma |
| what special channel protein helps H+ flow? | ATP synthase |
| what is ATP synthase? | a channel protein and enzyme embedded in membrane that produces ATP when H+ flows through it (in photosynthesis it's in the thylakoid membranes) - ATP IS MADE!!!! |
| do e- and h+ journeys happen at the same time? | YES!! |
| e- & h+ combine with what to make what in where again? | NADP+ | NADPH | STROMA! |
| LI/Calvin Cycle Steps | 1) carbon dioxide fixation, 2) CO2 reduction, 3) regeneration of RuBP |
| what is fixation? | fixing. process of changing a gas into a useable form for organisms (CO2, N2). plants fix CO2, bacteria fix N2. |
| what is reduction? | lowering oxidation state and gaining e- |
| what happens in carbon dioxide fixation? | CO2 attaches to RuBP |
| what happens in Co2 reduction? | energy from ATP and e- & H+ from NADPH used to convert Co2 into a reduced version -> becomes glucose. |
| what is produced in Co2 reduction? | water! |
| what happens in regeneration of RuBP? | RuBP is returned to original form |
| what is the result of the Calvin Cycle? | molecule can become glucose (always) and/or other monomer cell needs! |
| what kind of molecules are ADP and ATP? | carrier molecule |
| what does ATP/ADP DO? | stores or carries small usable amounts of energy for cellular work |
| equation for ADP -> ATP | ADP + P + ENERGY -> -< release/stores ATP |
| what is the point of cellular respiration? | to produce ATP |
| does every cell do cellular respiration? | yes, every cell needs to make ATP, every living cell does cellular respiration |
| what is cellular respiration? | breaking down glucose in a series of steps to convert chemical energy of glucose into chemical energy of ATP. |
| what are the 2 main forms of cellular respiration? and does it use O2? | 1) aerobic cellular respiration (uses O2). 2) anaerobic cellular respiration (doesn't use O2) |
| what is the equation for AEROBIC cellular respiration? symbols! | C6H12O6+6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
| what is the equation for AEROBIC cellular respiration? words! | glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy/heat |
| what are the basic stages of aerobic CR? | glycolysis, krebs cycle/citric acid cycle, electron transport chain |
| where does each stage of the aerobic CR occur? | glycolysis (cytoplasm), krebs cycle (mitochondrion), electron transport chain (ETC, mitochondrion) |
| what are the carrier molecules involved in CR? | NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2 |
| ATP difference in photosynthesis v CR (carrier molecule in which?) | ATP = carrier molecule in PHOTOSYNTHESIS BUT NOT IN CR! |
| overall happenings in glycolysis | overall glucose 6C gets broken down into 2 pyruvates acids (3C each) - breaks some bonds of glucose and gets some energy out! |
| what moves on from glycolysis (what molecule)? | 2 pyruvate acids |
| how much ATP is used/produced in glycolysis? | 2 ATP used, 4 ATP produced, net gain (profit of 2 ATP) |
| how much NADH is used/produced in glycolysis? where does it go? | 2 molecules of NADH produced (goes on to ETC later) |
| overall happenings in krebs cycle | cycle where original molecule gets regenerated |
| what happens with the 2 pyruvates from glycolysis in krebs cycle? | each pyruvate goes through cycle so cycle runs twice for each glucose |
| what substances are produced in krebs cycle? where do they go? | atp - goal, NADH and FADH2 (go on to ETC), CO2 - waste product and is released |
| look at parts of a mitochrondrion sheet | ok |
| what are cristae? what do they do? | folds of inner membrane of mitochrondrion. provide surface area. |
| where in the mitochondrion do krebs and ETC happen? | krebs - in matrix. ETC - embedded in cristae of inner membrane. |
| overall happenings in ETC | H gets broken into e- and H+ (electrons and protons). all NADH and FADH2 from previous stages bring H to cristae of mitochondrion. |
| what happens to electrons in the ETC? | they go through the ETC which causes H+ to be pumped (active transport) from matrix to intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient. |
| what happens to H+ in the intermembrane? what is this also known as? | as H+ builds up in the intermembrane space, some of them flow (passive transport) back into the matrix through ATP synthase and ATP is then made! also known as chemiosmos. |
| how is H2O created in the ETC? what happens with it? | H+ and e- combine with O2 from the air to make H2O that is a waste produced that is released. |
| when is O2 used in ETC? | LAST STEP |
| where does the majority of ATP come from in aerobic CR? | ETC and chemiosmosis. |
| what happens in ANAEROBIC CR? | consists of glycolysis and fermentation. many foods and drinks made by fermentation as a way to preserve food. |
| what is alcoholic fermentation? what does it? what's the equation? | done by yeast (unicellular fungi). glucose -> ethanol + CO2 + energy (2ATP + HEAT) |
| what is lactic acid fermentation? what does it? what's the equation? | done by human muscle cells and some bacteria. glucose -> lactic acid + energy (2ATP + HEAT) |
| difference between anaerobic CR v aerobic CR in ATP style | less ATP per molecule of glucose from anaerobic CR (2 ATP) compared to aerobic CR (30-38 ATP) |
Created by:
studying11