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Chapter 13
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Grain Farming | A type of commercial agriculture, is considered extensive and mechanized, that produces mainly wheat. |
| Livestock ranching | The raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and other byproducts such as leather and wool. |
| Mediterranean agriculture | An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean style climates where specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, olives, and a host of nuts, fruits, and vegetables comprise profitable agricultural operations. |
| Pastoral Nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals |
| shifting cultivation | The use of tropical forest clearings for crop production until their fertility is lost. Plots are then abandoned, and farmers move on to new sites. |
| intensive subsistence | A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land. |
| Rice Dominant | type of farming that occurs in the developing world. Uses terrace farming to make the land more efficient. |
| Mixed crop and livestock farming | Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans. |
| Dairy farming | A form of commercial livestock production where cattle is used for the processing of milk and other dairy products. |
| Commercial Gardening | The intensive production of non tropical fruits, vegetables, and flowers for sale off the farm. |
| Plantation agriculture | Growing specialized crops such as bananas, coffee, and cacao in tropical developing countries, primarily for sale to developed countries. |
| Terrace Farming | a farming system that is in the form of steps going up a mountain |
| Monoculture | dependence on a single agricultural commodity |
| extensive farming | Where small amounts of capital and labor are used in relation to the amount of land being farmed |
| intensive land use | -Small area farms or ranches -High inputs of labor and high output per acre |
| double cropping | Harvesting twice a year from the same field. |
| Intercropping | Growing two or more different crops at the same time on a plot. |
| feed lot | a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market |
| Agribusiness | Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations. |
| supply chain | consists of all parties involved, directly or indirectly, in obtaining raw materials or a product |
| cool chains | the refrigeration and transport technologies that allow for the distribution of perishables |
| luxury crops | Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco |
| infrastructure | the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. |
| Subsidies | A grant or contribution of money, especially one made by a government in support of an undertaking or the upkeep of a thing |
| Milk shed | The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied. |
| Transhumance | The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. |
| Fair Trade Movement | an effort to promote higher incomes for producers and for more sustainable farming practices |
| Suitcase Farming | Individuals who live in urban areas a great distance from their land and drive to the country to care for their crops and livestock. |
| Metes and Bounds | A method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurements of the land. |
| Township and Range | rigid grid-like pattern used to facilitate the dispersal of settlers evenly across farmlands |
| French long-lot | Divisions are long and narrow French areas of the US Land by waterways |
| Von Thunen Model | A model explaining the location of agricultural activities in commercial, profit-making economy. Spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force |
| Von Thunen Ring 1 | Dairy farming and Market Gardening due to the perishability of the goods. |
| Von Thunen Ring 2 | Forests due to the expense to ship firewood due to |
| Von Thunen Ring 3 | Grain and corn crops due to them being cheaper to ship and less perishable. |
| Von Thunen Ring 4 | Ranching and livestock location due to them being able to walk market. |
| perishable goods | food that does need refrigeration because it is likely to spoil or decay |
| non-perishable goods | food that does not need refrigeration |
| Bid-Rent Theory | a geographical economic theory to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the CBD increases |
| soil salinization | in arid regions, irrigation water evaporates, leaving salts behind |
| Desertification | the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture. |
| Localvore | person who is dedicated to eating food grown and produced locally or grown and produced personally; localvores typically are not motivated strictly by a profit motive |
| organic agriculture | Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs. |
| Runoff | Water that moves across the land surface and into streams and rivers |
| carbon footprint | measure of the impact human activities have on the environment in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases produced, measured in units of carbon dioxide |
| irrigation | The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops. |
| food desert | An area that has a substantial amount of low-income residents and has poor access to a grocery store, defined in most cases as further than 1 mile. |
| Kosher | prepared according to Jewish dietary law |
| Halal | denoting or relating to meat prepared as prescribed by Muslim law. |
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