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Earth Structures
Earth structures
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mineral | A natural, usually organic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition and an orderly internal structure. |
| Element | A substance that cannot be separated or broken down into similar substances by chemicals means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic numbers. |
| Atom | The smallest unit of an element that maintains the property of the element. |
| Compound | A substance made of atoms or ions of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds. |
| Matter | Anything that has mass and takes up space. |
| Crystal | Natural solid substance that has a definite geometric shape. |
| Streak | The color of a mineral in powdered form. |
| Luster | The way in which a mineral deflects light. |
| Cleavage | In geology, the tendency of a mineral to split a long specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces. |
| Weathering | The natural process of which atmospheric and environmental agents, such as wind, rain, and temperature changes, disintegrate, and decompose rocks. |
| Erosion | The process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transport soil and sediment from one location to another. |
| Deposition | The process in which material is laid down. (Earth science) The change of state from a gas to directly a solid. (Physical science). |
| Igneous rock | Rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies. |
| Sedimentary rock | A rock that forms from compresses or cemented layers of sediment. |
| Metamorphic rock | A rock that forms from other rocks as a result from intense heat, pressure, or chemical process. |
| Rock cycle | The series of process in which rock forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geologic processes. |
| Uplift | The rise of regions of the Earth's crust to higher elevations. |
| Subsidence | The sinking of regions of the Earth's crust to lower elevations. |
| Rift zone | An area of deep cracks that form between two tectonic plates that are forming against each other. |
| Crust | The thin and solid outermost layer of Earth above the mantle. |
| Mantle | The layer of rock between the crust and the core. |
| Convection | The movement of matter due to differences in density; the transfer of energy due to the movement of matter. |
| Core | The central part of Earth below the mantle. |
| Lithosphere | The solid, outermost layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle. |
| Asthenosphere | The soft layer of the mantle on which the tectonic plates move. |
| Mesosphere | 1. The strong, lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere, and the core, 2. The layer of the atmosphere between the stratosphere, and the thermosphere in which temperature decreases as altitude increases. |
| Sea-floor spreading | The process by which new oceanic lithosphere (sea floor) forms when magma rises into Earth's surface at mid-ocean ridges and solidifies, as older, existing sea floor moves away from the ridge |
| Plate tectonics | The theory that explains how large pieces of the lithosphere, called plates, move and change shapes. |
| Convergent boundary | The boundary between tectonic plates that are colliding. |
| Divergent boundary | The boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other. |
| Transform boundary | The boundary between tectonic plates that are sliding past each other horizontally. |
| Deformation | The bending, tilting, and breaking of Earth's crust; The change in shape of rock in response to stress. |
| Folding | The bending of rock layers due to stress. |
| Fault | A break in a body of rock along which one block moves relative to another. |
| Tension | Stress that occurs when forces act to stretch an object. |
| Compression | Stress that occurs when forces act to squeeze an object. |
| Earthquake | a movement or trembling of the ground that is caused by a sudden release of energy when rocks along a fault move. |
| Focus | The location between Earth along a fault at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs. |
| epicenter | The point on Earth's surface directly above an Earthquake's starting point, or focus. |
| tectonic plate | A block of Lithosphere that consists of the crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle. |
| Pangaea | The supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago and that began to break up 200 million years ago. |
| Elastic rebound | The sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed shape. |
| volcano | A vent or fissure in Earth's surface through which magma and gases expelled. |
| Magma | The molten or partially molten rock material containing trapped gases produced under the Earth's surface. |
| Lava | Magma that flows into Earth's surface; the rock that forms when lava cools and solidifies. |
| Vent | An opening at the surface of the Earth through which volcanic material passes. |
| Hot spot | A volcanically active area of Earth's surface, commonly far from a tectonic plate boundary. |
Created by:
Loic chery