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Anthro pre-midterm
Questions from first half of class's content.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is anthropology? | the study of people and culture through time and space |
| is culture learned or inherited? | LEARNED |
| what are the subcategories of anthropology? | archaeology, biological/physical, linguistic, cultural |
| is most data in anthropology qualitative or quantitative? | qualitative |
| who is known as the father of American anthropology? why? | Franz Boaz; the 4 subfields |
| what is Franz Boaz's greatest contrubution to the field? | Cultural relativism |
| what is cultural relativisim? | beliefs, values, and practices of a culture should be judged through the perspective of their own culture, NOT against it |
| who are the top two funders of archaeology? | private investors & colleges |
| What was Ruth Benedict's greatest contribution to the field? | Her enthnography during WWII in Japan |
| The work of anthropology is to do ____ in the world | GOOD :) |
| e.g. of biological anthropology | forensics, DNA, CSI |
| Margaret Mead was a student of which earlier anthropologist? | Franz Boaz |
| What was Margaret Mead's greatest contribution? From which work? | Culture shapes behavior; Coming of Age in Somoa |
| Linguistic anthropologists study what? | Written and spoken language |
| what is the #1 most recognized symbol in the world? | The cross |
| define ethnography | fieldwork that provides info on a particular culture, society, community |
| what are the two main categories of anthropology? | applied & academic |
| what is participant observation? Who created/made it known? | when you're conducting an ethnography and participating in the culture; Bronislaw Malinowski |
| where does most academic anthropology take place? What is the goal? | colleges and museums; research, learning, teaching, publishing |
| what is applied anthropology? | applying what has been learned to real-life situations to solve problems |
| does applied or academic involve grant writing? | academic |
| what is the goal of Developmental Anthropology? | increase equity by reducing poverty, redistributing wealth |
| what is enculturation? | when individuals learn traditional content of a culture and assimilate its practices and values; the learning of culture |
| what are the three levels of culture? | international, national, subcultures |
| what are the seven characteristics of culture? | LAMNISS learned; all-encompassing; maladaptive/adaptive/instrumental; nature; integrated; shared; symbolic |
| what are the three ways culture changes? | diffusion, acculturation, independent invention |
| what is acculturation? | exchange of culture |
| what is maladaptive culture? + give an example | when a helpful adaptation is made, but it's harmful; e.g. oil to fuel and make everything; env. degradation |
| hominid vs hominis | d is chimps and gorillas s includes humans |
| what did Jane Goodall study? Where? Major contribution? | chimpanzees in Tanzania; chimps use tools (prev. thought to be only humans) |
| universal vs. general vs. particular | u = something that exists in all cultures; g = traits or patterns that exist in some cultures; p = distinctive/unique trait or pattern |
| what is ethnocentricism? | viewing of your own culture as superior |
| what are human rights? | moral rights based on justice that surpass cultural, religious, and country-related beliefs |
| 3 types of cultural diffusion: | forced, direct, indirect |
| acculturation vs enculturation | a = exchange of culture e = learning of culture |
| define ethnic group | one of multiple culturally distinct groups in a society or region |
| define ethnicity | identification with a particular group and exclusion of others based on affiliation |
| 2 types of status and the difference | ascribed = what you're born with/into; no choice achieved = what you have done/accomplished |
| define race | an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis |
| what is racial classification? | assigning someone to a race based on common ancestry |
| is race or ethnicity based on phenotypes? | race |
| anthropologists see race as real when it comes to ________, _____, but unreal in terms of ______ | politics, society; biology |
| what gives skin its tint/color? | melanin |
| what is rickets? what does it cause? | vit D deficiency; weak/deformed bones |
| what is hypodescent? | children of mixed parental race being assigned to the race of their minority parent |
| what is stratified descent? | coming from parents of different classes of wealth/prestige/power |
| e.g. hypodescendents | Obama, Tiger Woods |
| what country is homogenous? Why is that important? | Japan; if you're anything but Japanese, you must have acheived status to identify as Japanese; AKA, unless you're purebred you're worthless to them |
| what is humans' primary form of communication? | language, spoken or written |
| communication is based on meaningful (4) | signs, sounds, gestures, marks |
| call systems vs langauge | call systems belong to nonhuman primates, NOT additive, one sound and one meaning at a time, they're not built for speech, stimuli dependent, only present tense; human language is additive, form words and sounds, past-present-future tenses |
| first and second chimpanzees to learn ASL? Which was also spoken to? | Washoe; Lucy; Lucy was spoken to |
| what is the fundamental attribute of language? | cultural transmission |
| define productivity | creating a new expression comprehendable to other speakers |
| what is displacement? why is it important? | allows humans to talk about past, future, and things not present; sets us apart from primate calls |
| Who was Koko? | gorilla raised by Dr. Patterson in isolation that was taught ASL |
| humans can speak because of which gene mutation? | FOXP2 |
| are emojis non-verbal communication? | yes |
| define phonetics | study of speech sounds |
| phenology | study of sounds used in speech |
| morphology | study of morphemes and word construction |
| syntax | arrangement and order of words and phrases in sentences |
| Noam Chomsky's langauge theory: | human braids contains set of rules for arranging language, so all languages have a common structural basis |
| what is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? | different languages produce different thought patterns |
| sociolinguistics | investigation of relationship zw. social and linguistic variation |
| what are honorifics? E.g | titles added to names to distinguish status; Mr. Mrs. etc |
| can languages die or be lost? | yes |
| Culture is the main reason for human ________? | adaptability & success |
| What field in academic links to anthropology? | sociology |
| what is one way culture can change? | change of environment |
| name 3/6 of Cohen's categories of society: | horticulture, industrialism, pastoralism (aka, HIP) |
| what are 2 types of non-industrial plant cultivation found in non-industrial societies? | horticulture + agriculture |
| what is a band? | a social unit among foragers that may split up seasonally, <100 people |
| what are the 3 adaptive strategies of food production in non-industrial societies? | pastoralism, horticulture, agriculture |
| T/F, foraging is an economy and way of life based on hunting and gathering | True |
| is the economy a seprate entity from society? | NO! They cannot be separated |
| What is generalized reciprocity? | reciprocity given with no immediate return of gift or favor expected |
| Essay Q: describe the difference zw academic and applied anthropology | :) |
| essay Q: Describe differences zw primate call system and human language | :) |
| Essay Q: Describe differences zw ascribed and acheived status | :) |
| what did Cohen classify societies based on? | correlation zw their econonmic and social features |
| what does a society's "adaptive strategy" describe? | their main system of economic production |
| agriculture uses _______ as a means of production | animals |
| pastoralism is based on what? | domesticating animals |
| define mode of production | a set of social relationships that organize labor |
| what are means of production? | major productive resources like land, labor, capital, technology |
| what are the 3 principals that guide exchange of goods and services? | narjet principle, redistribution, reciprocity |
| what are the 3 forms of reciprocity? | general, balanced, negative |
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Tagalog