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ch6 anatomy vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| afferent nerves | sensory transmitters that send impulses from receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints to the CNS |
| autonomic nervous system | branch of the nervous system that controls involuntary body functions |
| cell body | part of an axon that contains a nucleus |
| central nervous system (CNS) | the brain and the spinal cord |
| dendrites | branches of a neuron that collect stimuli and transport them to a cell body |
| efferent nerves | motor transmitters that carry impulses from the central nervous system out to the muscles and glands |
| myelin sheath | the fatty bands of insulation surrounding axon fibers |
| neurilemma | the thin, membranous sheath enveloping a nerve fiber |
| neuroglia | non-neural tissue that forms the interstitial or supporting elements of the CNS; known as glial cells |
| nodes of Ranvier | the uninsulated gaps in the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber where the axon is exposed |
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | all parts of the nervous system other than the spinal cord and brain |
| somatic nervous system | branch of the nervous system that stimulates the skeletal muscle |
| synapse | the intersection between a neuron and another neuron, a muscle, a gland, or a sensory receptor |
| autonomic reflexes | involuntary stimuli transmitted to cardiac and smooth muscle |
| conductivity | the ability of a neuron to transit a nerve impulse |
| depolarized | a condition in which the inside of a cell membrane is more positively charged than the outside |
| nerve impulse | electrical charge that travels along a nerve fiber when stimulated |
| polarized | a condition that occurs when the inside of a cell membrane is more negatively charged than the outside |
| reflexes | simple, rapid, involuntary programmed responses to stimuli |
| refractory period | the time between the completion of the action potential and repolarization |
| repolarization | the reestablishment of a polarized state in a cell after depolarization |
| saltatory conduction | the rapid skipping of an action potential from node to node on myelinated neurons |
| somatic reflexes | involuntary stimuli transmitted to skeletal muscles from neural arcs in the spinal cord |
| cerebellum | section of the brain that coordinates body movements, including balance |
| cerebrum | the largest part of the brain consisting of the left and right hemispheres |
| diencephalon | area of the brain that includes the epithalamus, thalamus, metathalamus, and hypothalamus; known as interbrain |
| epithalamus | the uppermost portion of the diencephalon, which includes the pineal gland and regulates sleep cycle hormones |
| fissures | the uniformly positioned, deep groves in the brain |
| frontal lobes | sections of the brain located behind the forehead |
| hypothalamus | a portion of the diencephalon, which regulates functions such as metabolism, heart rate, and blood pressure |
| lobes | the name of the four regions of the brain-frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal |
| medulla oblongata | the lower portion of the brain stem, which regulates heart rate, blood pressure, ad breathing, and controls several reflexes |
| meninges | three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord |
| midbrain | relay station for sensory and motor impulses; located on the superior end of the brain strem |
| occipital lobe | section of the brain located behind the parietal lobes; integrate sensory information from the skin , internal organs, muscles, and joints |
| parietal lobes | sections of the brain located behind the frontal lobes; integrate sensory information from the skin, internal organs, muscles, and joints |
| pons | the section of the brain that plays a role in regulating breathing |
| primary motor cortex | outer region of the brain in the frontal lobes that sends neural impulses to the skeletal muscles |
| primary somatic sensory cortex | outer region of the brain in the parietal lobes that interprets sensory impulses received from the skin, internal organs, and joints |
| spinal cord | a column of nerve tissue that extends from the brain stem to the beginning of the lumbar region of the spine |
| temporal lobes | the most inferior portions of the brain responsible for speech, hearing, vision, memory, and emotion |
| thalamus | the largest portion of the diencephalon, which communicates sensory and motor information between the body and the cerebral cortex |
| cranial nerves | 12 pairs of nerves that originate in the brain and relay impulses to and from the PNS |
| craniosacral division | the parasympathetic nervous system, in which nerves originate in the brain stem or sacral region of the spinal cord |
| dorsal ramus | the division of posterior spinal nerves that transmit motor impulses from the skin of the back |
| endoneurium | a delicate, connective tissue that surrounds each nerve fiber |
| epineurium | the tough outer covering of the nerve |
| ganglion | a mass nervous tissue composed mostly of nerve cell bodies |
| norepinephrine | a neurotransmitter released by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system |
| paravertebral ganglia | mass of nerve cell bodies close to the spinal cord |
| perineurium | a protective sheath that surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers |
| plexuses | complex interconnections of nerves |
| postganglionic neuron | the second neuron in a series that transmits impulses from the CNS |
| preganglionic neuron | the first neuron in a series that transmits impulses from the CNS |
| spinal nerves | neural transmitters that branch from the left and right sides of the spinal cord |
| thoracolumbar division | the sympathetic system of nerves that lies near the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine |
| ventral ramus | the anterior division of spinal nerves that communicate with the muscle and skin of the anterior and lateral trunk |
| Alzheimer's disease | condition involving a progressive loss of brain function with major consequences for memory, thinking, and behavior |
| cerebral palsy | a group of nervous system disorders resulting from brain damage before or during birth, or early infancy |
| dementia | an organic brain disease involving loss of function in two or more areas of cognition |
| epilepsy | a group of brain disorders characterized by repeated seizures over time |
| meningitis | an infection induced inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord |
| multiple sclerosis | a chronic, slowly progressive disease of the central nervous system that destroys the myelin sheath of nerve cell axons |
| paraplegia | disorder characterized by loss of function in the lower trunk and legs |
| Parkinson's disease | a chronic nervous system disease characterized by a slowly spreading tremor, muscular weakness, and rigidity |
| quadriplegia | disorder characterized by loss of function below the neck |
| traumatic brain injury | mild or severe trauma that can result from a violent impact to the head |
Created by:
espindan1