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Evolution Test (new)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a gene pool? | A pool of all genes present in a population, including each allele |
| What is allele frequency? | The number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool |
| What are the three sources of genetic variation? | Mutation, recombination during meiosis, and lateral gene transfer |
| What is genetic recombination caused by and when does it happen? | Random independent assortment and crossing over, happens during prophase 1 |
| What is lateral gene transfer? | Organisms giving genes to other organisms that aren't their offspring |
| What is bacterial lateral gene transfer important for? | Antibiotic resistance |
| How do polygenic traits increase genetic variation? | One polygenic trait has a large variety of genotypes, therefore a larger variety of phenotypes |
| What are the three types of natural selection? | Directional selection, stabilizing selection, and disruptive selection |
| What is directional selection? | One extreme phenotype is selected for, other extreme selected against, results in 1 extreme phenotype (skewed) |
| What is stabilizing selection? | Middle phenotype selected for, extremes are selected against, results in less variation (narrow bell curve) |
| What is disruptive selection? | Both phenotypes are selected for, middle selected against, often results in 2 phenotypes |
| What is genetic drift? | The random changes in allele frequency |
| What are the two types of genetic drift? | The founder effect and the bottleneck effect |
| What is allele frequency? | The number of an allele over the total number of alleles in a population |
| What is the founder effect? | An isolated colony is created by a small population separated from the larger population (one white bird lost in storm, lands on island, island population is all white birds) |
| What is the bottleneck effect? | A population is drastically reduced due to a natural catastrophe, only a few individuals contribute genes to next generation |
| What is genetic flow? | The movement of alleles between populations, called gene flow |
| What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle assume? | No mutations, no migration/gene flow, no natural selection, random mating, a large population |
| What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle used for? | Creating a baseline to compare populations |
| What does p represent in the Hardy-Weinberg principle? | Frequency of the dominant allele |
| What does q represent in the Hardy-Weinberg principle? | Frequency of the recessive allele |
| What does p^2 represent in the Hardy-Weinberg principle? | Frequency of individuals with the homozygous dominant genotype |
| What does q^2 represent in the Hardy-Weinberg principle? | Frequency of individuals with the homozygous recessive genotype |
| What does 2pq represent in the Hardy-Weinberg principle? | Frequency of individuals with the heterozygous genotype |
| Hardy-Weinberg principle: p + q = ____ | 1 |
| Hardy-Weinberg principle: p^2 + q^2 + 2___ = ____ | pq; 1 |
| What is the formation of a species called? | Speciation |
| What must happen in order for speciation to occur? | Reproductive isolation |
| What are the pathways to speciation? | Allopatric speciation, sympatric speciation, peripatric speciation, parapatric speciation |
| What is allopatric speciation? | Two populations geographically separated from each other |
| What is sympatric speciation? | Two populations share the same geographic area but go through speciation because of things like behavior |
| What is peripatric speciation? | A small group isolated at the edge of a larger population |
| What is parapatric speciation? | A species is spread over a large area and individuals only mate with others in their area |
| What is a species defined as? | A population or group organisms that are capable of interbreeding to create viable and fertile offspring |
| What does viable mean? | Capable of surviving or living |
| What does fertile mean? | Capable of producing healthy offspring |
| What prevents different species from interbreeding? | Isolating mechanisms |
| What are mechanisms that prevent the mating of species? | Premating isolating mechanisms |
| What are mechanisms that prevent the formation of fertile and viable hybrid offspring between species? | Post-mating isolating mechanisms |
| What are the four types of premating isolation? | Behavioral, geographic, temporal, and mechanical incompatibility |
| What is behavioral isolation? | Two populations develop different behaviors and eventually can't breed (two populations of one species of bird have different mating calls) |
| What is geographic isolation? | When two populations are separated by geographic barriers |
| What is temporal isolation? | Two or more species reproduce at different times |
| What is mechanical incompatability? | Two organisms' reproductive organs don't fit |
| What are the three types of post-mating isolating mechanisms? | Gametic incompatibility, hybrid inviability, hybrid infertility |
| What is gametic incompatibility? | Sperm of one species cannot fertilize the egg of another species |
| What is hybrid inviability? | Hybrid offspring fail to survive to maturity |
| What is hybrid infertility? | Hybrid offspring are sterile or have low fertility (Liger) |
| What is the idea that evolution proceeds slowly and steadily? | Gradualism |
| What is the idea that species evolve rapidly after an event? | Punctuated equilibrium |
| What can lead to rapid evolution? | Genetic drift and mass extinction |
| What are the two patterns of macroevolution? | Adaptive radiation and convergent evolution |
| What is adaptive radiation? | A single species evolves into several distinct species |
| What is convergent evolution? | Unrelated organisms in similar environments evolve adaptations to similar niches |
| What is divergent evolution? | Two or more closely related species become more dissimilar over time |
| What is coevolution? | Two or more species are so closely connected ecologically that they evolve together |
Created by:
agastyad