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Test #3
Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do all living things require? | Energy |
| What happens when certain chemical bonds are broken? | energy is released |
| General storing compounds include: | ATP , NADH, HADP, FADH2 |
| What is the chief energy storing molecule used by organisms | ATP |
| What are the 3 parts of ATP | Adenine, Ribose, Phosphates |
| When the Adrienne is bound to the Ribose what one molecule do they create? | Adenosine |
| ATP releases energy when one of the phosphate bonds are broken which creates _________________ | Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) |
| When the phosphate bond is Brocken and energy is release that energy can now be used by what? | The cell |
| Which 3 functions is ATP used in | 1)Technical functions (flagella, cilia) 2)Active transport 3)Helps break down larger molecules |
| How does a cell build new ATP molecules? | By attaching a third phosphate to ADP molecules |
| Where does the energy to build new ATP molecules come from | Food that comes into the cell |
| How many times does this ATP - ADP cycle continue | it continues constantly |
| How many new ATP molecules are mad in every second in each cell? | 10 million |
| Energy comes from organisms consuming _____________ _______________ _____ _________ | Some kind of food |
| All organisms are classified into the 2 ways they obtain food what are they | 1)Autotrophs 2) Heterotrophs |
| Autotrophs | Organisms that can make food from carbon dioxide and an energy like sunlight. |
| What are Autotrophs also called because they make food? | Producers |
| Producers | organisms that can make food for themselves, and for other organisms to consume |
| Where do bacteria that are deep under water where the sun can't reach able to produce food? | energy they get from inorganic compounds found around heat vents on the sea floor |
| Heterotrophs | organisms that can not make their own food therefore they must rely on autotrophs or other heterotrophs for food. |
| What are examples of Autotrophs? | Plants, Algae, and some bacteria |
| What are examples of heterotrophs? | Animals, fungi, and many unicellular organisms are heterotrophs |
| What are heterotroph also called since they rely on other organisms to survive? | Consumers |
| Consumers | organisms that cannot make their own food and must rely on other organisms to survive |
| Energy from the sun is vital for life _________________ cannot harness this energy, but ______________________ can | heterotrophs, Autotrophs |
| Photosynthesis | a process by which autotrophs turn sunlight into a useable form of energy |
| A small percentage of the suns energy is in the form of what? | visible light |
| What does visible light appear as | white light |
| What is white light actually | a combination of all colors |
| What chemicals do autotrophs that preform photosynthesis contain? | pigments |
| pigments | a molecule that absorb certain wavelengths of light, and reflect others |
| What is one of the most important pigment that autotrophs require to preform photosynthesis? | Chlorophyll |
| Chlorophyll | a photosynthetic pigment that absorbs violet, blue and red and reflects green |
| chlorophyll is the primary photosynthetic pigment. others are called accessory pigments. what do they include? | chlorophyll b, c, and d , carotenoids, anthocyans, xanthophylls |
| Where do autotrophs store pigments | chloroplasts |
| Chloroplast | a organelle that preforms photosynthesis |
| A single plant cell has _______________ _________ _______________ of chloroplasts | hundreds of thousands |
| what parts is a chloroplast made up of? | Thylakoid, grana, stroma |
| REMEMBER TO LOOK AT PICTURES!!!!!!!!!!! | |
| Thylakoid | A disk shaped structure that contains all of the pigments necessary for photosynthesis |
| Grana | A stack of thylakoid |
| Stroma | the gel that fills the rest of the space in. the chloroplast |
| Photosystem | A light collection in the chloroplasts |
| What happens during photosynthesis? | The plant takes in water, sunlight, and carbon the plant creates sugars and releases oxygen as a byproduct |
| what 2 stages does photosynthesis occur in? | 1) Light dependent reaction 2(Calvin cycle |
| Light dependent reactions | 1)photosynthesis begins when light is absorbed in the grana 2)light energy splits the water into oxygen, hydrogen, and electrons 3) Oxygen leaves the cell 4) ATP and NADPH are produced |
| The Calvin cycle | 1) ATP and NADPH from the light dependent reactions are used 2) CO2 enters the cycle 3) Sugar is produced 4) ATP is broken and ADP and P is produced 5) NADPH is Brocken and NADP+ is produced |
| Energy is used up and created throughout _______________________ | photosynthesis |
| Light dependent reactions produce ____________________ | oxygen |
| The Calvin cycle produces ______________________ | sugar |
| The main goal of light dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle is to produce what? | Sugar, oxygen is just a byproduct |
| What do autotrophs convert that sugar into ? What do they use that energy for? | ATP, life process like growth and reproduction |
| what happens in a plant does not use that sugar for energy immediately? | They turn it into long term storage in the form of starch |
| What do both plants and animals break down in order to release energy? | Sugar |
| _____________________ is the process by which autotrophs build those sugars | photosynthesis |
| Cellular respiration | the process of breaking those sugars down to release energy |
| Cellular respiration is a series of _________________________ _____________________ that produce ____________ | chemical reactions, ATP |
| What are the 2 types of cellular respiration? | Aerobic and anaerobic |
| Aerobic | requires oxygen |
| Anaerobic | does not require oxygen |
| What are the 3 stages of aerobic respiration | 1) Glycolysis 2) The Krebs cycle 3) Electron transport |
| Glycolysis | Glucose is converted into pyruvate. this occurs in cells cytoplasm outside of the mitochondria. 2 ATP are produced. |
| The Krebs cycle | pyruvate is converted into acetyl - COA. this occurs in the mitochondria. NADH and FADH2 are produced. 2 ATP are produced |
| Electron transport | Energy from the NADH and FADH2 is transferred into ATP. this requires oxygen. 32 ATP are produced. |
| How many ATP does aerobic respiration produce from one molecule of sugar | 36 |
| aerobic reseration | The process that releases energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen . this happens in some unicellular organisms or insane multicellular organisms (like muscle cells) |
| Fermenation | the process of extracting energy from pyruvate in the absence of oxygen. |
| What are the 2 types fermentation? | alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation |
| Both forms of fermentation only produce _____ ATP. much less efficient than ________________ __________________ | 2 , aerobic respiration |
| Alcoholic fermenation | During alcoholic fermentation there are 2 byproducts carbon dioxide and ethanol. bakers use the alcoholic fermentation of yeast to make bread. |
| What makes the bread rise? | bubbles from the carbon dioxide |
| the ________________ from the carbon dioxide make the bread rise. | carbon dioxide, |
| The __________ dies during the process and the alcohol evaporates | bubbles |
| Lactic acid fermentation | in lactic acid fermentation the pyruvate is converted into lactic acid. |
| Where does Lactic acid fermentation occur | in muscle cells during strenuous exercise when the cells cannot get enough oxygen because you cannot breathe enough. the cells switch from aerobic respiration to anerobic |
| What do plants convert extra sugar into? | Starch |
| what do animals convert extra sugar into? | glycogen or fat |
| The e3xtra sugar is later Brocken down to make _______ | ATP |
| The energy contained in these substances can be measured and expressed in units called _______________ | calories |
| Calorie | the amount of heat energy needed to raise temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree calculus |
| if a calorie is spelled with a capital C it is actually a ________________ or 100 calories | Kilocalories |
| Calories in food are ____________________ | kilocalories |
| People who count calories are actually keeping track of the amount of __________________ in the food they consume. eating food with more energy than you need , means that access energy is going to be store din the body | energy |
Created by:
ZC1234