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Organic Chemistry
Chapter 2 - A & P Lecture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Macromolecules | large, essential biological molecules ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid |
| Carbohydrates | - composed of C, H, O - divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides - energy sources, structures, bulk for elimination - water soluble |
| Monosaccharides | - building block of carbohydrates, simple sugars - 6 carbon sugars: (ex: glucose, fructose, galactose) important energy sources in diet - 5 carbon sugars: components of ATP, DNA, RNA |
| Disaccharides | simple sugars bound together by a dehydration reaction ex: sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), maltose (2 glucose) |
| Polysaccharides | long chains of many monosaccharides, storage molecules for monosaccharides and part of cell surface markers |
| Lipids | - composed of C, H, O - insoluble in water - protection, insulation, physiological regulation, component of cell membrane, energy storage |
| Triglycerides (Fats) | - ingested and broken down by hydrolysis - composed of glycerol and fatty acids - protection, insulation, energy source |
| Saturated Fatty Acids | contains all single bonds in the carbon chain, which produces a more rigid structure; generally solid |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acids | contains one (mono) or more (poly) double bonds in the carbon chain, which produces more relaxed structure, generally liquid |
| Trans Fats | unsaturated fats that are artificially altered to be more saturated. are the highest cardiovascular risk fat. |
| Phospholipids | one fatty acid replaced with a phosphate group, polar(hydrophilic) at one end and nonpolar (hydrophobic) at the other. - important structural component of cell membranes |
| Eicosanoids | - derived from fatty acids - important regulatory molecules - ex: thromboxanes, leukotrienes, prostaglandins |
| Fat Soluble Vitamins | nonpolar molecules essential for normal functioning |
| Steroids | - lipids with 4 ring like structures - ex: cholesterol, bile salts, reproductive steroid hormones |
| Protein | - composed C, H, O, N sometimes S - regulate processes, aid transport, protection, muscle contraction, structure, energy |
| Amino Acids | - building blocks of proteins - general structure of a amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen off the central carbon, R side (makes each amino acids different) |
| Peptide Bonds | covalent bonds formed between amino acids during protein synthesis by dehydration |
| Primary Structure | the amino acid sequence. a protein consists of a chain of different amino acids |
| Secondary Structure | results from hydrogen bonding. the hydrogen bonds cause the amino acid chain to form pleated (folded) sheets or helices (coils) |
| Tertiary Structure | large scale folding due to interactions within protein and surrounding environment which is generally water. polar regions tend to remain unfolded and in contact with water while nonpolar regions tend to fold inward away from water. |
| Denaturation | change in shape caused by breaking of H bonds by heat or pH changes |
| Quaternary Structure | results from the association of 2 or more proteins (subunits) |
| Nucleic Acids | - composed of C, H, O, N, P - building blocks: nucleotides - ex: ATP, DNA, RNA |
| Nucleotides | -deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & ribonucleic acid (RNA) - composed of a five carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), a nitrogenous base, phosphate |
| DNA | - genetic material - 2 strands of DNA nucleotides (A,T, G,C, held by H bonds) - double helix - antiparallel(opposite directions) 3' end & 5' |
| Gene | sequence of bases that codes for synthesis of RNA or protein (base sequence determines the primary structure of a protein) |
| Adenosine Triphosphate | (ATP) - stores/provides energy - all energy requiring chemical reactions stope when there is inadequate ATP |
| Catabolism of _____ and other nutrient molecules release ______ that is then stored in ____ | glucose, energy, ATP ADP +Pi + energy -> ATP |
| Breakdown of ___ provides energy for ____ processes and to drive cell ______ | ATP, anabolic, processes ATP -> ADP + Pi + energy |
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