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BIOLOGY FINAL

QuestionAnswer
What are the 7 characteristics of life? Metabolism, reproduction, made of cells, homeostasis, evolution, development/growth, response to stimuli.
What are prokaryotic cells? Cells without a nucleus (bacteria and archaea).
What are eukaryotic cells? Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
What do ribosomes do? Make proteins.
What is the function of mitochondria? Convert sugar into ATP.
What is the function of chloroplasts? Convert light energy into chemical energy.
What does the rough ER do? Transports proteins to be secreted from the cell.
What is the function of the cell membrane? Regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
What is the central vacuole? Large storage organelle in plant cells.
What defines an organic compound? It must contain carbon.
What is a polar bond? A bond where electrons are shared unevenly.
What are properties of water? Cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat.
Why is carbon versatile? It forms four covalent bonds and bonds with itself.
What elements make up carbohydrates? Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
What is the monomer of carbohydrates? Monosaccharide.
What is the role of carbohydrates? Quick energy.
What elements make up lipids? Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
What are lipids made of? Glycerol and fatty acids.
What is the role of lipids? Long-term energy storage and cell membranes.
What elements make up nucleic acids? Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen.
What is the monomer of nucleic acids? Nucleotide.
What is the role of nucleic acids? Store genetic information.
What elements make up proteins? Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.
What is the monomer of proteins? Amino acids.
What is the role of proteins? Structure and enzymes.
What is an enzyme? A biological catalyst that lowers activation energy.
What affects enzyme activity? Temperature, pH, and concentration.
What is an autotroph? An organism that makes its own food.
What is a heterotroph? An organism that consumes other organisms.
What is cellular respiration? Conversion of glucose into ATP.
Where is energy stored in ATP? Between phosphate groups.
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? They are chemical opposites.
What is aerobic respiration? Respiration that requires oxygen.
What is anaerobic respiration? Respiration without oxygen.
What is diffusion? Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
What is osmosis? Diffusion of water across a membrane.
Do molecules stop moving at equilibrium? No, they continue moving.
What is active transport? Movement against the concentration gradient using ATP.
What is an example of active transport? Sodium-potassium pump.
What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution? It swells or bursts.
What happens to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution? It becomes firm and healthy.
What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution? It shrivels.
What happens to a plant cell in a hypertonic solution? Membrane pulls away from the cell wall.
What happens in an isotonic solution? Water moves in and out equally.
What is interphase? The longest phase of the cell cycle.
What happens in G1 phase? Cell growth.
What happens in S phase? DNA replication.
What happens in G2 phase? Preparation for mitosis.
What happens in prophase? DNA condenses and nuclear membrane breaks down.
What happens in metaphase? Chromosomes line up in the middle.
What happens in anaphase? Chromosomes move to opposite poles.
What happens in telophase? Nucleus reforms and DNA loosens.
What is cytokinesis? Division of the cytoplasm.
How does cytokinesis differ in plants and animals? Animals form a cleavage furrow; plants form a cell plate.
What is the goal of meiosis? Produce four genetically different haploid cells.
What is crossing over? Exchange of DNA during Prophase I of meiosis.
What are the characteristics of DNA? Double-stranded, deoxyribose sugar, thymine.
What are DNA base-pairing rules? A-T and C-G.
What are the characteristics of RNA? Single-stranded, ribose sugar, uracil.
What are RNA base-pairing rules? A-U and C-G.
What is mRNA? Carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosome.
What is tRNA? Brings amino acids to the ribosome.
What is replication? Copying DNA.
What is transcription? Making mRNA from DNA in the nucleus.
What is translation? Making proteins from mRNA at the ribosome.
What is genotype? Genetic makeup.
What is phenotype? Physical traits.
What is codominance? Both alleles are fully expressed.
What is incomplete dominance? Blended phenotype.
What is nondisjunction? Failure of chromosomes to separate.
What is the order of ecological organization? Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere.
What happens to energy in an energy pyramid? It decreases at higher levels.
What is primary succession? Succession on land with no soil.
What is secondary succession? Succession where soil already exists.
What is mutualism? Both organisms benefit.
What is commensalism? One benefits and the other is unaffected.
What is parasitism? One benefits and the other is harmed.
What is speciation? Formation of new species.
What is natural selection? Organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce.
What are fossils evidence of? Changes in organisms over time.
What are homologous structures? Similar structure, different function, common ancestry.
What are analogous structures? Same function, different structure.
What is a hypothesis? A testable explanation.
What is a scientific theory? An explanation supported by extensive evidence.
What is a scientific law? A statement describing consistent observations.
Created by: user-1893198
 

 



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