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M: Ch 1
Principles of Statistics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Statistics | The science of planning studies & experiments; obtaining data; organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting data to draw conclusions based on them |
| Data | collections of observations (measurements, genders, survey responses) |
| Population | the complete collection of ALL measurements or data being studied |
| Census | the collection of data from EVERY member of the population |
| Sample | a sub-collection of members selected from a population |
| Voluntary response sample | sampling method which respondents decide whether to be included (usually interest-based) |
| not statistically significant | if the likelihood of the results is likely to occur by chance |
| statistically significant | if the likelihood of the results is highly unlikely |
| no practical significance | when data findings do not make much of a difference to justify its use |
| Self-interest study | a study which is sponsored by parties with interest to promote |
| Partial picture | a study when all the information is not presented |
| Parameter | a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a POPULATION |
| Statistic | a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a SAMPLE |
| Quantitative Data | numbers representing counts or measurements |
| Qualitative Data | names or labels that represents counts or measurements |
| Discrete | data results when the data values are quantitative & the number of values are finite or countable |
| Continuous | data results from infinitely many possible quantitative values, where the possible number of values is not countable |
| Nominal level of measurement | data that consists of names, labels, or categories only (ex. colors) |
| Ordinal level of measurement | data that can be arranged in some order, but the differences in the values cannot be determined or are meaningless |
| Interval level of measurement | if data can be arranged in order, differences in value are meaningful, and there is no natural starting point (ex. hours, years) |
| Ratio level of measurement | if data can be arranged in order, differences are meaningful, and there is a natural starting point; differences & ratios are meaningful (ex. mileage, distance, volume) |
| missing completely at random | the likelihood of a data value going missing which is just as likely to be missing as any other data value |
| missing not at random | if the missing value is related to the reason that it's missing |
| Placebo | a harmless, ineffective form of treatment used for psychological benefit or to compare to other treatments |
| Observational study | observing & measuring specific characteristics without attempting to modify the subjects |
| Experiment | applying a treatment & proceeding to observe its effects on individuals |
| Subject | an individual unit or individuals involved in a study or experiment |
| Cross-sectional study | data that are observed, measured, & collected ALL at once |
| Retrospective study | data are collected from the past by going back in time (ex. records, interviews, etc.) |
| Confounding | occurs in an experiment when the experimenter is unable to distinguish between the effects of different factors |
| Sampling | the method used to select the subjects being studied |
Created by:
user-2018040