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HA - MODULE 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the purpose of a head and neck assessment? | To evaluate the cranium, face, neck structures, thyroid gland, lymph nodes, and sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, mouth) to identify normal findings and detect abnormalities. |
| What equipment is needed for head-to-neck assessment? | Penlight, otoscope, stethoscope, gloves, tongue depressor, cotton balls, ruler or tape measure, Snellen chart, Rosenbaum chart, alcohol swabs, and documentation materials. |
| What are normal findings when inspecting the head for size and shape? | Head is symmetric, round, erect, midline, proportionate to body size (normocephalic), and without visible lesions. |
| An abnormally small head, often associated with developmental or neurologic disorders. | Microcephaly |
| What abnormal head movement may indicate neurologic disease? | Horizontal jerking or involuntary nodding of the head. |
| What are normal facial findings? | Symmetric facial features, smooth movement, appropriate expressions, and no involuntary movements. |
| What does facial asymmetry or drooping suggest? | Possible facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) weakness or paralysis. |
| What is assessed when palpating the head? | Consistency, smoothness, and presence of lumps or lesions. |
| Where is the temporal artery located and what is normal? | Between the eye and ear; normally elastic and nontender. |
| What condition causes a tender, thick temporal artery? | Temporal arteritis, which may lead to blindness if untreated. |
| How is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) assessed? | Place fingers in front of ears while the client opens and closes the mouth. |
| What are normal TMJ findings? | No swelling, tenderness, or crepitus; mouth opens 3–6 cm with smooth movement. |
| What abnormal TMJ findings suggest TMJ syndrome? | Limited motion, pain, swelling, or crepitation. |
| What are normal neck inspection findings? | Symmetric neck, head centered, no masses or swelling. |
| What does neck swelling or nodules indicate? | Possible enlarged thyroid, inflamed lymph nodes, or tumor. |
| What movement is observed when a client swallows? | Symmetric upward movement of the thyroid and cricoid cartilage. |
| What is the normal visible cervical vertebra? | C7 (vertebra prominens). |
| What is normal neck range of motion? | Flexion 45°, extension 55°, lateral bending 40°, rotation 70°. |
| What conditions limit neck movement? | Muscle spasm, arthritis, inflammation, or injury. |
| What is the normal position of the trachea? | Midline |
| What causes tracheal deviation? | Tumors, pneumothorax, enlarged thyroid, or atelectasis. |
| What are normal thyroid gland findings on palpation? | Smooth, rubbery texture; no nodules; rises with swallowing. |
| What abnormal thyroid findings suggest inflammation or cancer? | Hard texture, nodules, asymmetry, or irregular consistency. |
| When should the thyroid be auscultated? | Only when enlargement is detected. |
| What does a thyroid bruit indicate? | Hyperthyroidism due to increased blood flow. |
| What are normal lymph node findings? | Non-palpable, non-tender, no swelling. |
| What do enlarged, firm lymph nodes suggest? | Infection or malignancy. |
| What is normal distant visual acuity? | 20/20 vision. |
| What visual acuity indicates legal blindness? | 20/200 or worse in the better eye with correction. |
| What does presbyopia indicate? | Age-related difficulty with near vision due to reduced accommodation. |
| What is the purpose of the confrontation test? | To assess peripheral vision. |
| What is a normal corneal light reflex? | Light reflection appears in the same spot on both eyes. |
| What does an abnormal corneal light reflex indicate? | Eye muscle weakness or misalignment. |
| What does ptosis indicate? | Oculomotor nerve damage or muscle weakness. |
| What condition causes protruding eyes (exophthalmos)? | Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism). |
| What are normal pupil findings? | Equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation; 3–5 mm. |
| Slight difference in pupil size (<0.5 mm), which can be normal. | Anisocoria |
| What does lack of pupillary reaction suggest? | Neurologic damage or blindness. |
| What is normal tympanic membrane appearance? | Pearly gray, translucent, intact, cone of light visible. |
| What does a bulging red tympanic membrane indicate? | Acute otitis media. |
| What is the whisper test used for? | Screening hearing acuity. |
| It is responsible for tears | Lacrimal canal |
| It is responsible for close/open of eyes . | Rectus |
| It is present when the second number in the test result is larger than the first (20/40). The higher the second number, the poorer the vision (impaired far vision) | Myopia |
| It is indicated when the client moves the chart away from the eyes to focus on the print. | Presbyopia |
| What is PERLLA? | Pupils: Same size. Equal: Same size. Round: Perfectly round. Reactive to Light: Constrict when light shines in and dilate in the dark. Accommodation: Pupils constrict and converge when focusing on a near object, and dilate when looking far away. |
| Pupils are normally equal size? | 3 to 5 mm |
| Inequality size of pupil is? | less than 0.5 |
| It is an oscillating (shaking) movement of the eye | Nystagmus |
| An inverted lower lid condition which may cause pain and injure the cornea as the eyelash brushes against the conjunctiva and cornea. | Entropion |
| It is an everted lower eyelid, results in exposure and drying of the conjunctiva. | Ectropion |
| Protrusion of the eyeballs accompanied by retracted eyelid margins is termed ? | exophthalmos |
| Generalized redness of the conjunctiva suggests | conjunctivitis |
| It is a local, noninfectious inflammation of the sclera | Episcleritis |
| What does Weber’s test assess? | Lateralization of sound to differentiate conductive vs sensorineural hearing loss. |
| What is a normal Rinne test result? | Air conduction is greater than bone conduction (AC > BC). |
| What does a positive Romberg test indicate? | Vestibular or balance disorder. |
| What are normal nasal findings? | Pink, moist mucosa; intact septum; patent nostrils. |
| What does purulent nasal discharge suggest? | Acute bacterial sinus infection. |
| What are normal sinus findings? | Nontender to palpation and percussion. |
| What are normal lip findings? | Smooth, moist, pink, no lesions or swelling. |
| What does cyanosis of lips indicate? | Hypoxia or poor oxygenation. |
| What oral finding is considered precancerous? | Leukoplakia (white patches that do not scrape off). |
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