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Positioning Ch. 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy is the study, classification, and description of different? | structures & organs |
| Physiology is the study of the? | functions/processes of the body |
| What is the lowest level of structural organization? | Chemical (atoms & molecules) |
| what are the basic structural and functional units of all living tissue? | Cells |
| What are tissues? | Groups of cells that perform specific functions |
| What are the 4 types of tissue? | epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous |
| Where is epithelial tissue found? | internal & external surfaces including lining of vessels & organs |
| What does connective tissue do? | binds together & supports structures |
| What does muscular tissue do? | makes up muscle |
| What does nervous tissue make up? | nerves & nerve centers |
| organs are when multiple _____ are together and have a specific function | tissues |
| a system is a group or association of _____ that have a similar or common function | organs |
| An organism is created when? | all systems combine to form one being |
| How many bones are in the human skeleton? | 206 |
| What are the functions of the skeletal system? | protect & support body allow movement produce blood cells store calcium |
| Circulatory system functions: | distribute oxygen & nutrients to cells transports cell waste & carbon dioxide from the cells transports water, electrolytes, hormones, and enzymes protects against diseases forms blood clots to prevent hemorrhaging helps regulate body temperature |
| Digestive system functions: | chemical & mechanical absorption eliminates solid waste from body |
| Respiratory system functions: | supplies oxygen to blood & cells eliminates carbon dioxide from blood helps regulate acid-base balance of blood |
| urinary system functions: | regulates blood eliminates waste product regulates fluid/electrolyte balance & volume helps maintain acid-base balance of body |
| reproductive system function: | reproduces organism |
| nervous system functions: | coordinate voluntary & involuntary body activities transmit electrical impulses to body & brain |
| the muscular system includes all muscle tissues of the body and is subdivided into 3 types: | skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
| skeletal muscle makes up most of the muscle mass (approximately _____%) and is under ______ control | 43%, voluntary |
| smooth muscle tissue is under _____ control and found in the _____ of hollow organs | involuntary, walls |
| cardiac muscle tissue is under _____ control and only found in the walls of the _____ | involuntary, heart |
| muscular system functions: | allows movement helps maintain posture helps produce heat |
| endocrine system function: | regulates body via hormones |
| the integumentary system is the _____ system and constitutes about ____% of body mass in the average adult | largest, 8% |
| integumentary system functions: | regulate body temperature protects body against invasion eliminates waste through perspiration receive certain stimuli such as temperature, pressure, and pain synthesize certain vitamins & biochemicals |
| Skeletal system broken into 2 divisions: | Axial & appendicular |
| Axial skeleton consists of how many bones? Contains Which part of body? | 80 bones, trunk of body |
| Appendicular skeleton consists of how many bones? Contains which part of body? | 126 bones, extremities |
| What are sesamoid bones? | special type of small, oval-shaped bones embedded in certain tendons |
| where are sesamoid bones typically located? | near joints |
| What are the only 2 sesamoid bones counted? | patellae |
| 4 classifications of bones: | long, short, flat, irregular |
| long bones consist of? | limbs, compact bone, spongy bone, periosteum |
| short bones consist of? | carpals & tarsals |
| flat bones consist of? | calvarium, sternum, ribs, scapulae |
| irregular bones consist of? | vertebrae, facial bones, pelvic bones |
| Bone development is known as? | ossification |
| what is the primary center of ossification? | diaphysis (body) |
| what is the secondary center of ossification? | epiphysis (ends of bones) |
| The function of joints is determined by? | its classification |
| 3 joint classifications: | fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial |
| fibrous joints are held together by _____ tissue and are ______ (immoveable) | fibrous, synarthrodial |
| cartilaginous joints are held together by ____ and are ____ (slightly moveable) | cartilage, amphiarthrodial |
| synovial joints contain _____ _____ in the joint capsule and are _____ (fully moveable) | synovial fluid, diarthrodial |
| what are the 3 types of fibrous joints? | gomphosis, sutures, syndesmosis |
| gomphosis fibrous joints are located in the _____ of teeth and are ______ (slightly moveable) | roots, amphiarthrodial |
| suture fibrous joints are found in the _____ and are _____ (immoveable) | skull, synarthrodial |
| the only true syndesmosis fibrous joint is the ______ joint and they are _______ (slightly moveable) | distal tibiofibular, amphiarthrodial |
| 2 types of cartilaginous joints: | symphyses synchondroses |
| symphyses cartilaginous joints are ______ joints located in the ______ _____ and _____ ______ and are ______ (slightly moveable) | fibrocartilaginous, vertebral body, pubic symphysis, amphiarthrodial |
| synchondroses cartilaginous joints are found in epiphyses/cartilage (_____ ______) and are ______ (immoveable) | epiphyseal plate, synarthrodial |
| Synovial joints are typically ______ (fully moveable) | diarthrodial |
| lateral rotation means? | rolling outwards |
| medial rotation means? | rolling inwards |
| 7 types of synovial joints: | plane ginglymus trochoid ellipsoid sellar spheroidal bicondylar |
| plane (gliding) synovial joints are found where? | intercarpals, carpometacarpals, intermetacarpals, and C1 up near skull |
| ginglymus (hinge) synovial joints are found where? | elbow joint or interphalangeal joints |
| trochoid (pivot) synovial joints are found where? | proximal & distal radioulnar joints, C1-2 joint |
| ellipsoid (condyloid) synovial joints are found where? What movements do they permit? | metacarpophalangeal joint flexion, extension, abduction, adduction |
| sellar (saddle) synovial joints are found where? what movements do they permit? | first carpometacarpal joint of thumb & ankle joint flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction |
| spheroidal (ball and socket) synovial joints are found where? | hips & shoulders |
| bicondylar synovial joints are found where? What movements do they permit? | TMJ & knee flexion, extension, limited rotation |
| radiography is the full study of patient ______ and the art of creating images for the means of _____ ______ | positioning, diagnosing diseases |
| true or false: the radiograph is the actual image that is captured digitally | true |
| X-ray film is what? | a literal film you hang that captures the image |
| The central ray (CR) is what? | where the centermost point of the x-ray beam is going in, where cross meets in middle of light field |
| radiographic procedures involve these 5 steps: | positioning pt in alignment with IR & CR application of radiation protection selection of exposure factors patient instructions processing of image |
| body habitus is? | build, physique, and general shape of the human body |
| 4 categories of body habitus | sthenic hyposthenic hypersthenic asthenic |
| how much of the population is sthenic (average in shape & organ location)? | approximately 50% |
| how much of the population is hyposthenic (slender)? | about 35% |
| how much of the population is hypersthenic (broad framed)? | approximately 5% |
| how much of the population is asthenic (extremely thin)? | approximately 10% |
| When do you use the portrait (lengthwise) alignment of the IR? Why? | hypo & asthenic patients lungs are typically longer |
| when do you use the landscape (crosswise) alignment of the IR? Why? | hypersthenic or obese pts lungs are typically shorter but wider |
| What is the image receptor (IR)? | device pt is touching, responds to ionizing radiation to create image after it exits the pt |
| what is the general rule in viewing radiographs? | display them so that the patient is facing the viewer in anatomic position |
| posterior hand known as? | dorsal region |
| acute flexion means? | bending towards front of body |
| ulnar deviation means? | moving towards ulnar side |
| radial deviation means? | coming towards the radius |
| protraction means? | moving mandible forward |
| retraction means? | moving mandible backward |
| rotation of the head means? | turning left and right |
| tilt of the head means? | leaning head to a side |
| top of foot is called the? | dorsum |
| cephalad/ic angles mean? | angle toward head |
| caudad/al angles mean? | angle toward feet |
| ipsilateral means? | same side of body |
| contralateral means? | opposite side of body |
| valgus means? Same as? | abnormal outward facing of a limb, eversion |
| varus means? same as? | abnormal inward facing of a limb, inversion |
| sagittal plane | left & right sections |
| coronal plane | anterior & posterior sections |
| axial (transverse) plane | superior & inferior sections |
| oblique plane | any angled section |
| base plane of skull | top & bottom halves |
| occlusal plane of skull | top & bottom portions of mouth |
| what does the collimator box do? | controls x-ray light field size |
| the bucky assembly is meant to reduce what? | scatter radiation |
Created by:
Asteele2028