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PSY 311 Ch. 4 Ethics
Book and Lecture Slides
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Researchers have 2 basic categories of ethical responsibility | 1. responsibility to the individuals, both human and nonhuman, who participate in their research study 2. responsibility to the discipline of science to be accurate and honest in the reporting of their research |
| Ethics is the | study of proper action |
| Research ethics concerns the | responsibility of researchers to be honest and respectful to all individuals who are affected by their research studies or their reports of the studies' results |
| Ethical principles dictate: | 1. measurement techniques may be used for certain individuals 2. how researchers select individuals 3. which researchers' strategies 4. which research design 5. how studies may be carried out 6. how data are analyzed 7. how results are reported |
| Committees such as the Institutional Review Board which reviews research involving | human participants |
| The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee which reviews | nonhuman subjects |
| Nuremberg Code | a set of 10 guidelines for the ethical treatment of human participants in research -unethical experiments were conducted by Nazi doctors |
| In 1974, Congress passed the | National Research Act. Mandated regulations for the protection of human participants |
| The Belmont Report | -issued in 1979 due to Tuskegee summarizes the basic ethical principles identified by the National Commission, which are used as the foundation upon which the federal regulations for protecting human participants are based |
| 3 basic principles of the Belmont Report | 1. The principle of respect for persons. 2. the principle of beneficence 3. the principle of justice |
| The principle of respect for persons (autonomy) | requires that individuals should consent to participate and those who cannot give their consent need special protection |
| The principle of beneficence | requires that the researcher does not harm the participant, minimizes the risk, and maximizes possible benefits |
| The principle of justice | requires fair and nonexploitative procedures for the selection and treatment of participants so that the costs and benefits are distributed equally |
| APA Ethics Code, contains 10 ethical standards | 1. No harm 2. Privacy and Confidentiality 3. Institutional Approval 4. Competence 5. Record Keeping 6. Informed consent 7. dispensing informed consent 8. offering inducements for research participation 9. deception in research 10. debriefing |
| One area of debate concerning the issue of no harm is the topic of | clinical equipoise |
| Clinical Equipoise | requiring clinicians to provide the best possible treatment for their patients, thus limiting research to studies that compare equally preferred treatments |
| A research can compare treatments when | 1. there is honest uncertainty about which treatment is best 2. there is honest professional disagreement among experts concerning which treatment is best |
| 3 components of informed consent | 1. information 2. understanding 3. voluntary participation |
| Components of Informed Consent Forms | 1. Overview 2. Description of Procedures 3. Risks and Inconvenience 4. Benefits 5. Costs and Economic Considerations 6. Confidentiality 7. Alternative treatments 8. Voluntary participation 9. Questions and Info. 10. Signature lines |
| The goal of a research study is to examine behavior or under "normal" circumstances, researchers must sometimes use | deception |
| Passive Deception or Omission | is the withholding or omitting of info. -can withhold info. if it wont affect decision to participate -observation without consent is ok if it is low risk |
| Active Deception or Commission | is the presenting of misinformation about the study to participants -Most common form: misleading participants about the specific purpose of the study |
| 3 specific areas of Responsibility involving Deception | 1. Must be justified 2. Researcher cannot conceal from the prospective participants info. about research that is expected to cause physical pain or emotional distress 3. Researcher must debrief the participants by providing a complete explanation asap |
| Some things that seem to influence a debriefing's effectiveness include: | -the participants suspicion -the nature of deception -the sincerity of the experimenter -the time interval between the end of the study and delivery of the debriefing |
| Anonymity | is the practice of ensuring that an individual's name is not directly associated with the info. or measurements obtained from that individual |
| To ensure the confidentiality, one of the following two strategies is used: | 1. no names or other ID appears on data records 2. Researchers use a coding system to keep track of which participant names go with which sets of data |
| 7 basic IRB criteria | 1. minimization of risk to participants 2. reasonable risk in relation to benefits 3. equitable selection 4. informed consent 5. documentation of informed consent 6. data monitoring 7. privacy and confidentiality |
| The Institutional Review Board | is a committee that examines all proposed research with respect to its treatment of human participants. Must be obtained before any research is conducted with human participants |
| Category I proposals | if the research presents no possible risk to adult participants -are anonymous -mailed surveys on innocuous topics -anonymous observational behavior of the public -exempt from requirements of informed consent and reviewed by IRB chairs |
| Category II proposals | if research presents no more than minimal risk to participants and includes research on individual or group behavior of normal adults when there is no psychological intervention or deception -no informed consent but oral consent required |
| Classroom Research Projects fall into | Category II proposals |
| Category III Proposals | research that includes questionable elements -meeting of all IRB members required -researcher must appear in person to discuss, explain, and answer questions |
| Researchers who use nonhumans as subjects do so for a variety of reasons including: | 1. to understand animals for their own sake 2. to understand humans, and 3. to conduct research that is impossible to conduct using human participants |
| Federal gov. requires researchers using nonhuman subjects to follow | 1. guidelines of the local IACUC 2. the U.S department of agriculture's guidelines 3. guidelines of state agencies, and 4. established guidelines within the academic discipline |
| The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee is a | committee that examines all proposed research with respect to its treatment of nonhuman subjects -must consists of a veterinarian, at least 1 scientist experienced in research with animals, and 1 member of the public with no affiliation with institution |
| 2 APA ethical standards related to these issues: Reporting of Research | 1. Psychologists do not fabricate data 2. If they discover significant errors in their published data, they take reasonable steps to correct them |
| Error | an honest mistake that occurs in research process |
| Fraud | explicit effort to falsify or misrepresent data |
| Why do researchers commit fraud? | Primary Cause: competitive nature of an academic career -high need for success -strong pressure on researchers to have their research published |
| Safeguards against Fraud | 1. Replication 2. Peer Review 3. Verification of data through the sharing of research data |
| Consequences of being found guilty of Fraud | -suspension or firing from a job -removal of a degree granted -cancellation of funding for research -forced return of monies paid from grants |
| Guidelines to Prevent Plagiarizing | 1. take complete notes, including complete citations 2. identify the source of any idea, words, or info. that are not yours 3. identify any direct quotes 4. be careful about paraphrasing 5. list of references 6. when in doubt, cite the source |
| Nuremberg Code Guidelines Simplified | 1. participation must be voluntary 2. results should be beneficial 3. avoid unnecessary harm 4. cannot involve death or disability 5. risks/ benefits 6. conducted by qualified scientists 7. allowed to withdraw at any time |
| What does the IRB Consider? | Risks: physical harm, psychological stress, loss of privacy Benefits: treatment, educational, material, self-knowledge, satisfaction from helping science, societal |
| Selection of Participants | does not discriminate against subsets of the population, does not coerce participation |
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