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American studies Mid
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Jamestown | 1607, first permanent English colony; struggled with disease and Native American relations; tobacco cash crop drove economy. |
| Plymouth Colony | 1620, Pilgrims’ settlement; Mayflower Compact established self-government. |
| Columbian Exchange | Exchange of plants, animals, diseases between Old and New Worlds; drastically affected populations and economies. |
| Triangular Trade | Transatlantic trade network connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas; included slaves, raw materials, and manufactured goods. |
| Indentured Servitude | Labor system where workers worked for a set time for passage to colonies; eventually replaced by racialized slavery. |
| Middle Passage | Brutal transatlantic journey of enslaved Africans to the Americas. |
| Mayflower Compact | 1620, first colonial self-government; majority rule. |
| House of Burgesses | 1619, first representative assembly in colonies; model for self-government. |
| Mercantilism | Economic policy to enrich mother country through colonies; limited colonial trade. |
| Proclamation of 1763 | Britain banned settlement west of Appalachian Mountains; angered colonists. |
| Stamp Act | 1765, tax on printed materials; sparked protests (“no taxation without representation”). |
| Townshend Acts | 1767, taxes on imported goods; led to boycotts and unrest. |
| Boston Tea Party | 1773, protest against tea tax; led to Intolerable Acts. |
| Coercive (Intolerable) Acts | 1774, laws punishing Massachusetts; escalated colonial resistance. |
| Declaration of Independence | 1776, declared colonies free; emphasized natural rights. |
| Articles of Confederation | 1781, first U.S. government; weak, no taxing power. |
| Shays’ Rebellion | 1786–87, uprising of farmers; exposed weaknesses of Articles. |
| Great Compromise | 1787, balanced representation in Congress (House = population, Senate = equal). |
| Federalists / Anti-Federalists | Supporters vs. opponents of Constitution; debated power of federal gov. |
| Bill of Rights | 1791, first 10 amendments; protect individual liberties. |
| Judicial Review | Established in Marbury v. Madison (1803); courts can declare laws unconstitutional. |
| Louisiana Purchase | 1803, doubled U.S. territory; raised slavery debate in new lands. |
| Monroe Doctrine | 1823, U.S. opposed European colonization in Americas; asserted influence in Western Hemisphere. |
| Indian Removal Act | 1830, forced relocation of Native Americans; led to Trail of Tears. |
| Trail of Tears | 1830s, forced Cherokee removal; thousands died. |
| Abolitionism | Movement to end slavery; influenced public opinion and politics. |
| Manifest Destiny | Belief in U.S. expansion west; justified Indian removal and slavery expansion |
| Missouri Compromise | 1820, balanced free/slave states; temporary sectional solution. |
| Compromise of 1850 | Addressed slavery in territories; included Fugitive Slave Act. |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | 1854, popular sovereignty for slavery; led to “Bleeding Kansas.” |
| Emancipation Proclamation | 1863, freed slaves in Confederate states; strategic war measure. |
| Gettysburg Address | 1863, Lincoln speech emphasizing national unity and equality. |
| 13th Amendment | 1865, abolished slavery. |
| 14th Amendment | 1868, granted citizenship, equal protection under law. |
| 15th Amendment | 1870, voting rights regardless of race. |
| Reconstruction | 1865–77, federal effort to rebuild South and integrate freedmen. |
| Freedmen’s Bureau | Provided education, healthcare, and support for freed slaves. |
| Black Codes | Laws restricting freedmen’s rights post-Civil War. |
| Jim Crow | Segregation laws in South; undermined Reconstruction. |
| Industrialization | Rapid growth of factories, production, and cities |
| Corporation | Business owned by stockholders; limited liability. |
| Monopoly | Company dominates industry; eliminates competition. |
| Trust | Group of companies managed together to reduce competition. |
| Labor unions | Organized workers for better wages, hours, conditions. |
| Populism | Political movement of farmers for economic reform. |
| Progressive reforms | Early 20th-century reforms targeting corruption, inequality, and social issues. |
| Women’s suffrage | Movement for women’s right to vote (19th Amendment, 1920). |
| Prohibition | Movement to ban alcohol (18th Amendment, later repealed). |
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