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Bio Ch. 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Phospholipid head | hydrophobic |
| Phospholipid tails | hydrophilic |
| Fluid Mosaic model | Describes membranes structure |
| Enzymatic proteins | carry out chemical reactions |
| Transport proteins | Transport (channel) |
| Receptor proteins | signalling |
| Glycoproteins + Glycolipids | ID tags |
| Cholesterol | Helps maintain fluidity |
| Diffusion | Movement across the membrane from high to low concentration |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water through aquaporins |
| Tonicity | ability of a solution to cause cell to gain or lose water |
| Isotonic cell | Normal |
| Hypotonic cell | Higher solute concentration inside. Water molecules move in causing cell to burst |
| Hypertonic cell | High solute concentration outside. Water molecules move out causing cell to shrivel |
| Facilitated diffusion | Polar/charged movement from high to low concentration across the membrane assisted by proteins |
| Exocytosis | Export bulky materials across the membrane using vesicles |
| Endocytosis | Taking in bulky materials using vesicles |
| ATP | The energy molecule of life used by cells to do work |
| Enzymes | Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells |
| Energy | The capacity to cause change or perform work |
| Kinetic Energy | Energy of motion |
| Potential Energy | Stored energy in matter |
| Chemical Energy | A form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds and used by cells |
| Why do living things need energy? | To divide cells, move substances across membranes, and perform mechanical work |
| Organic Molecules | Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids that are rich in chemical energy |
| Cellular Respiration | A chemical reaction that uses oxygen to break down food molecules to produce ATP |
| Purpose of Cellular Respiration | To regenerate ATP from the energy in food |
| Where does Cellular Respiration occur? | The mitochondrion |
| Mitochondrion | Organelle where cellular respiration takes place |
| ATP | An important nucleic acid found in all living things that stores and releases energy |
| ATP (Full Name) | Adenosine Triphosphate |
| ATP Structure | Adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups |
| Where is energy stored in ATP? | In the bonds between phosphate groups |
| ADP | Adenosine Diphosphate with two phosphate groups |
| ATP vs ADP | ATP has more energy and one more phosphate than ADP |
| ATP/ADP Cycle | The continuous breakdown and regeneration of ATP in cells |
| ATP as a Rechargeable Battery | ATP releases energy when a phosphate is removed and stores energy when it is added back |
| Hydrolysis | Reaction that breaks ATP into ADP by removing a phosphate and releasing energy |
| Dehydration Synthesis | Reaction that forms ATP by adding a phosphate to ADP and storing energy |
| Phosphorylation | The process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, making it energized |
| What reaction breaks down food to release energy for ATP? | Cellular respiration |
| Why is ATP important to life? | It provides usable energy for all cellular processes |
| What type of biomolecule are ATP and ADP? | Nucleic acids |
| How do ATP and ADP store and release energy? | By breaking and forming phosphate bonds |
| Enzymes | Proteins that speed up metabolic reactions by lowering activation energy |
| Metabolism | The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell |
| Activation Energy | The energy required to start a chemical reaction |
| How do enzymes work? | By lowering activation energy |
| Substrate | The specific reactant an enzyme acts on |
| Active Site | The region of the enzyme where the substrate binds |
| Lock and Key Model | Enzyme and substrate fit together specifically |
| Induced Fit Model | The enzyme changes shape slightly to fit the substrate better |
| Properties of Enzymes | Specific, reusable, and require optimal conditions |
| Are enzymes destroyed in reactions? | No, they are reusable |
| Optimal Conditions | The temperature and pH range where enzymes work best |
| Optimal Human Enzyme Temperature | 95 |
| Optimal Human Enzyme pH | Between 6 and 8 |
| Denatured | When an enzyme loses its shape and no longer functions |
| Enzyme Inhibitor | A chemical that interferes with enzyme activity |
| Competitive Inhibitor | Competes with the substrate for the active site |
| Noncompetitive Inhibitor | Binds elsewhere and changes the enzyme’s active site |
| Why do cells use inhibitors? | To slow or regulate metabolic reactions |
| Drugs as Enzyme Inhibitors | Medicines that block enzymes to treat conditions |
| Enzyme Degradation Reaction | Enzymes break molecules apart |
| Enzyme Synthesis Reaction | Enzymes build larger molecules |
| What is the role of enzymes in cells? | To speed up chemical reactions |
| What type of biomolecule are enzymes? | Proteins |
| What factors affect enzyme activity? | Temperature and pH |
| What happens if an enzyme is denatured? | The metabolic reaction slows or stops |
| Catalyst | A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed or consumed in the reaction |
Created by:
katdolan