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AP GOV UNIT 5 VOCAB
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Amendment 15 | Gave Black men the right to vote |
| Amendment 17 | Direct election of United States senators |
| Amendment 19 | Female suffrage |
| Amendment 24 | elimination of poll taxes |
| Amendment 26 | 18 year-olds can vote |
| Demographic data | Information regarding the population and the statistical groups within it |
| Efficacy | Ability to produce the intended result |
| Party Line Voting | vote in which a substantial majority of members of a political party vote the same way |
| Prospective Voting | voters make their decisions based on their expectations of how candidates will perform |
| Retrospective Voting | people vote based on the past performances of candidates |
| Straight Ticket voting | voting for every candidate of one political party on a ballot |
| Voting Rights Act 1965 | It provided for direct federal intervention to enable African Americans to register and vote and banned tactics long designed to keep them from the polls. |
| Ballot Initiatives | Questions placed before voters on local or statewide ballots. |
| Down Ballot | contest for a political office that appears in a relatively low position on the electoral ballot |
| Midterm Elections | election where people can vote in non-national political contests during the executive government’s current term |
| Rational Choice Voting | the idea that voters will make decisions based on an analysis of what will serve them best |
| Structural Barriers to voting | legal and systemic issues that can lead to lower voter turnout, such as voter ID laws, voter purges, and criminal disenfranchisement |
| Voter Incentives | Accessibility, Early voting opportunities, mobile polling stations, ¨i voted¨ stickers, etc. |
| Religious groupings | Race is a crucial part of religious groupings, as, for instance, white catholics are more conservative and hispanic catholics are more liberal. White evangelical protestants are largely conservative. Jews are more liberal. |
| Voter Registration Rules | vary by state- you can register to vote at anything from age 15 to being 18 by the next election. You also need to have a state ID. |
| Campaign Management | strategic planning, leadership, and analysis surrounding a political campaign |
| candidate recruitment | process through which political parties identify, encourage, and provide support to individuals to run for public office. |
| Linkage Institutions | Channels that connect people to their government |
| Media Strategies | tactics political actors use to shape public perception |
| mobilization of voters | the strategies used to increase voter turnout |
| National Committees | Organisations that oversee the activities of the national parties- DNC for democrats, RNC for republicans. |
| Platforms | a formal declaration of a political party's core beliefs, principles, and goals |
| Legislative Leadership | elected officials who guide the US congress |
| Party De-Alignment | significant numbers of Republicans or Democrats give up their party affiliation to either as independent voters or simply cease to vote |
| Candidate centered campaigns | electoral strategies that focus on the individual candidate rather than the political party as a whole |
| Citizens United changes in finance laws | Supreme Court decision in 2010 which struck down limits on independent political spending by corporations and unions under the label of free speech |
| Critical Elections | presidential elections that cause major, lasting shift in voter alignments |
| Data management | government's practices for handling information on the public |
| Demographic coalitions | people who work together to achieve a single goal |
| Micro-data management- | The handling of individual information from the public, such as from the census |
| ORCA romney campaign | Web application used as part of the GOTV efforts. Intended to enable volunteers in polling stations to report which voters had turned out, "missing" voters and precincts could be targeted for last-minute efforts to get voters. Big tech difficulties |
| Project Narwhal | computer program used to link once completely separate repositories of information so that every fact gathered about a voter is available to every arm of the campaign. |
| Independent Candidates | not democratic or republican |
| Proportional elections | electoral system that seeks to create a representative body that reflects the overall distribution of public support for each candidate |
| Winner Take All Elections | type of voting system where representation in a governing body or electoral district is only awarded to the candidate or party that receives the most votes. |
| Club for Growth | political organization active in the United States, with a fiscally conservative agenda focused on tax cuts |
| Emily's List | American political action committee (PAC) that aims to help elect Democratic female candidates in favor of abortion rights to office. |
| Free Rider Problem | a market failure where people benefit from a public good or service (like national defense or clean air) without paying for it, because it's hard to exclude non-payers |
| Iron Triangles | describes the alliance between a congressional committee, a bureaucratic agency, and a special interest group |
| Lobbying | act of trying to influence political decisions |
| Subsidies | type of government expenditure which redistributes from tax payers to individuals, households, or businesses. |
| 270 to win | It takes at least 270 electoral votes to win the presidency. |
| Caucuses | meetings between members of the same political party to discuss issues |
| Delegate Counts | the tally of delegates committed to supporting a presidential candidate at the national convention |
| Electoral College | process by which votes are counted in the national elections of the US. the votes of the states matter more than the overall votes |
| Faithless Electors | Electors who don’t vote for the candidates for the presidency they promised to vote for |
| Frontloading | The moving up of primaries and caucuses by states so as to have greater influence in the selection of candidates |
| Maine and Nebraska systems | they use a split-vote model to allocate their electoral votes, rather than the typical winner-takes-all model |
| Party Convention | gathering in which a political party nominates its candidates |
| Presidential Convention | Party convention for the presidential and vice-presidential candidates |
| Super Delegates | delegates to the Democratic National Convention who are not elected by primary voters. |
| Super Tuesday | day in February or March in which the greatest number of states hold primary elections and caucuses. |
| Winner Take All Allocations | method used by most US states to determine their electoral votes, in which representation is only given to the candidate who receives the most votes across districts |
| 501c groups | organizations exempt from some federal income taxes |
| Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act 2002- | reformed the '71 Federal Election Campaign Act, prohibiting ¨soft money¨ spent by candidates on federal elections. stops federal candidates from using corporate/union funds to air TV ads within 30 days of the primary election, 60 days of the general. |
| campaign contests | Rival campaigns vying for the votes of the public |
| Canvassing | candidates go through their district to try to solicit support and/or determine their popularity. This can be done by going from door to door, ¨phone banking¨, (making calls to people in the area and engaging in conversation), and through the internet. |
| dark money | political funding whose source is not disclosed to the public. |
| soft v hard money | hard money is direct funding (in this case to a political campaign), while soft money is indirect funding. |
| matching funds | funds that are paid in proportion to funds from other sources |
| pacs | Political Action Committees (raise money for candidates) |
| Professional Consultants | experts hired to provide strategic advice to political campaigns |
| stand by your ad provision of the bcra | Requires federal candidates to state ¨I am (blank) and I support this message¨ in their ads. |
| Super PACS | type of Political Action Committee that is legally permitted to raise unlimited funds for the purpose of campaign advertising. However, this money is not allowed to go directly to candidates’ campaigns. |
| 24 hour news cycle | the 24-hour reporting of news present across all major news channels. |
| Agenda Setting | the process by which political figures and media outlets influence which news items are seen as more important than others. |
| Investigative Journalism | Journalism with the primary purpose of getting to the bottom of a certain issue and unveiling features about it that were previously hidden. It is largely done to bring light to corruption. |
| Media Bias | The opinions of the people or companies reporting news that color the way in which it is disclosed. These can be overt or covert. |
| Media Ownership | the control and management of media outlets and organizations by individuals, companies, or groups. |
| Narrowcasting | communication of information to a purposefully specialised audience |
| Soundbites | memorable excerpts from larger recordings, can be the most inflammatory or easily misconstrued messages |
| Talking Heads | political commentators that are shown on news sites, typically from the waist up. This term also has the connotation of a commentator whose tackling of issues is superficial. |
| Traditional Media | The mass media institutions that reigned pre-internet, such as the newspaper and the radio. |
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