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Bio - everything
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? | Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles. |
| What is the function of the mitochondria? | Produces energy (ATP) through cellular respiration. |
| What is the role of the cell membrane? | Controls what enters and exits the cell, maintaining homeostasis. |
| What is osmosis? | The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. |
| What are the three main parts of a eukaryotic cell? | Nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. |
| What is the function of ribosomes? | Make proteins by translating mRNA. |
| What is the difference between plant and animal cells? | Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole; animal cells do not. |
| What is diffusion? | Movement of molecules from high to low concentration. |
| What is active transport? | Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient using energy (ATP). |
| What is photosynthesis? | Process in plants where sunlight is converted into chemical energy (glucose) using CO₂ and H₂O. |
| What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? | 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ |
| What is cellular respiration? | Process where cells break down glucose to make ATP (energy). |
| What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? | C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP |
| What are the four nitrogen bases in DNA? | Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G). |
| In DNA, which bases pair together? | A pairs with T, C pairs with G. |
| What is a mutation? | A change in the DNA sequence that can affect protein production. |
| What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? | Genotype = genetic makeup; Phenotype = observable traits. |
| What is Mendel’s principle of segregation? | Each parent’s alleles separate during gamete formation so each gamete gets one allele. |
| What is RNA and how is it different from DNA? | RNA is single-stranded, has uracil (U) instead of thymine (T), and helps make proteins. |
| What is transcription? | Copying a DNA sequence into mRNA in the nucleus. |
| What is translation? | Converting mRNA into a protein at the ribosome. |
| What is a codon? | A set of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for an amino acid. |
| What is a gene? | A segment of DNA that codes for a protein or trait. |
| What is a dominant allele? | An allele that is expressed even if only one copy is present. |
| What is a recessive allele? | An allele that is expressed only if two copies are present. |
| What is a Punnett square? | A diagram used to predict the genotype and phenotype of offspring. |
| What is codominance? | Both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype. |
| What is incomplete dominance? | The heterozygous phenotype is a mix of the two alleles. |
| What are enzymes? | Proteins that speed up chemical reactions. |
| What is the active site of an enzyme? | The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds. |
| What factors affect enzyme activity? | Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, inhibitors. |
| What is denaturation? | Loss of an enzyme’s shape and function due to extreme conditions. |
| What is a substrate? | The molecule an enzyme acts upon. |
| What are the stages of the cell cycle? | Interphase (growth & DNA replication) and mitosis (cell division). |
| What is the purpose of mitosis? | Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. |
| What are the stages of mitosis? | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT). |
| What is meiosis? | Cell division that produces gametes with half the chromosomes. |
| How many divisions occur in meiosis? | Two divisions (Meiosis I and II). |
| What is the difference between haploid and diploid? | Haploid (n) = one set of chromosomes; Diploid (2n) = two sets. |
| What is natural selection? | The process where organisms better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce. |
| Who proposed natural selection? | Charles Darwin. |
| What is an adaptation? | A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce. |
| What is the difference between natural and artificial selection? | Natural selection = environment selects; artificial selection = humans select. |
| What is speciation? | Formation of a new species over time. |
| What is genetic drift? | Random changes in allele frequencies in a population. |
| What is gene flow? | Movement of alleles between populations. |
| What is an ecosystem? | A community of organisms and their environment. |
| What is a trophic level? | A position in a food chain/web (producer, consumer, decomposer). |
| What is a producer? | Organism that makes its own food (usually plants). |
| What is a primary consumer? | Herbivore that eats producers. |
| What is a secondary consumer? | Carnivore or omnivore that eats primary consumers. |
| What is a decomposer? | Organism that breaks down dead material and recycles nutrients. |
| What is carrying capacity? | Maximum population an environment can sustain. |
| What is biodiversity? | Variety of species in an ecosystem. |
| What is a niche? | The role an organism plays in its ecosystem. |
| What are the main functions of the circulatory system? | Transport nutrients, gases, and waste throughout the body. |
| What is the function of red blood cells? | Carry oxygen using hemoglobin. |
| What is the function of the respiratory system? | Exchange gases (O₂ in, CO₂ out). |
| What is the main function of the digestive system? | Break down food and absorb nutrients. |
| What is the function of the nervous system? | Send and receive electrical signals to coordinate body functions. |
| What is the function of the immune system? | Protect the body from pathogens and disease. |
| What is the function of the endocrine system? | Produce hormones to regulate body processes. |
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