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Bio Evolution Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is paleontology? | The scientific study of fossils |
| Who popularized paleontology? | George Cuvier |
| What is a layer of sedimentary rock called? | A strata |
| Who observed and studied fossils in different strata? | George Cuvier |
| Fossils in the _____ layers of strata are the _______ | Deepest; oldest |
| What is catastrophism? | The idea that natural disasters lead to the extinction of local populations |
| What did George Cuvier believe stratum were? | The time period between two natural catastrophes |
| Who proposed the idea of catastrophism? | George Cuvier |
| What is gradualism? | The idea that current geological features were made by slow but continuous movements |
| Who proposed gradualism? | James Hutton |
| What is uniformitarianism? | An expansion of gradualism and the idea that geologic processes have acted very slowly in the past and will continue to operate |
| Who studied human populations? | Thomas Malthus |
| What did Thomas Malthus hypothesize? | Populations would grow in areas with plenty of resources until those resources were strained and the population died, and the same would happen to humans |
| What is "survival of the fittest?" | The idea that the organisms with the best traits will survive and pass down their traits |
| What is the incorrect principle of use and disuse? | Structures in an organism's lifetime that are used more will become stronger and more prominent |
| What is the incorrect principle of the inheritance of acquired characteristics? | A gain or loss of a characteristic in an individual's life time will be passed down |
| Who proposed use and disuse and inheritance of acquired characteristics? | Jean-Baptiste Lamarck |
| Which two people proposed the idea of evolution and influenced each other? | Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Darwin |
| What ship did Charles Darwin sail on? | HMS Beagle |
| What is natural selection? | The process in which individuals with heritable traits more suitable to their environment have a greater survival/reproduction rate |
| What three patterns of diversity did Charles Darwin hypothesize? | Species vary globally, species vary locally, and species vary over time |
| What does species vary globally mean? | Different, yet ecologically similar, species inhabited separated, yet ecologically similar, habitats around the globe |
| What does species vary locally mean? | Different, yet related, species often occupied different habitats within a local area |
| What does species vary over time mean? | Extinct animals were similar to living species today |
| What is artificial selection/selective breeding? | Humans breed the variations of animals that they find the most useful |
| What is "the struggle for existence?" | The competition between members of a population to obtain food, living space, etc. |
| What is adaptation? | A characteristic that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment |
| What is "fitness?" | An organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment |
| Why do individuals show variation? | Mutations and meiosis |
| What are homologous structures? | Same structure, different function/Same structure and function |
| What are analogous structures? | Different structure, same function |
| What are vestigial structures? | Structures inherited from ancestors with no function |
| How do scientists use embryos to determine how organisms are related? | They observe their similarities in stages of development |
| What would happen over time if an antibiotic is used on bacteria? | Few bacteria would be resistant, which will eventually take over the population and render the antibiotic useless |
| How do scientists use genetic information to determine how organisms are related? | They observe how different the DNA bases are between organisms |
| What are the three points of natural selection? | Struggle for existence, variation and adaptation, and survival of the fittest |
| Who proposed uniformitarianism? | Charles Lyell |
| What is a gene pool? | A pool of all genes present in a population, including each allele |
| What is allele frequency? | The number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool |
| What are the three sources of genetic variation? | Mutation, recombination during meiosis, and lateral gene transfer |
| What is genetic recombination caused by and when does it happen? | Random independent assortment and crossing over, happens during prophase 1 |
| What is lateral gene transfer? | Organisms giving genes to other organisms that aren't their offspring |
| What is bacterial lateral gene transfer important for? | Antibiotic resistance |
| How do polygenic traits increase genetic variation? | One polygenic trait has a large variety of genotypes, therefore a larger variety of phenotypes |
| What are the three types of natural selection? | Directional selection, stabilizing selection, and disruptive selection |
| What is directional selection? | One extreme phenotype is selected for, other extreme selected against, results in 1 extreme phenotype (skewed) |
| What is stabilizing selection? | Middle phenotype selected for, extremes are selected against, results in less variation (narrow bell curve) |
| What is disruptive selection? | Both phenotypes are selected for, middle selected against, often results in 2 phenotypes |
| What is genetic drift? | The random changes in allele frequency |
| What are the two types of genetic drift? | The founder effect and the bottleneck effect |
| What is allele frequency? | The number of an allele over the total number of alleles in a population |
| What is the founder effect? | An isolated colony is created by a small population separated from the larger population (one white bird lost in storm, lands on island, island population is all white birds) |
| What is the bottleneck effect? | A population is drastically reduced due to a natural catastrophe, only a few individuals contribute genes to next generation |
| What is genetic flow? | The movement of alleles between populations, called gene flow |
| What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle assume? | No mutations, no migration/gene flow, no natural selection, random mating, a large population |
| What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle used for? | Creating a baseline to compare populations |
| What does p represent in the Hardy-Weinberg principle? | Frequency of the dominant allele |
| What does q represent in the Hardy-Weinberg principle? | Frequency of the recessive allele |
| What does p^2 represent in the Hardy-Weinberg principle? | Frequency of individuals with the homozygous dominant genotype |
| What does q^2 represent in the Hardy-Weinberg principle? | Frequency of individuals with the homozygous recessive genotype |
| What does 2pq represent in the Hardy-Weinberg principle? | Frequency of individuals with the heterozygous genotype |
| Hardy-Weinberg principle: p + q = ____ | 1 |
| Hardy-Weinberg principle: p^2 + q^2 + 2___ = ____ | pq; 1 |
| What is the formation of a species called? | Speciation |
| What must happen in order for speciation to occur? | Reproductive isolation |
| What are the pathways to speciation? | Allopatric speciation, sympatric speciation, peripatric speciation, parapatric speciation |
| What is allopatric speciation? | Two populations geographically separated from each other |
| What is sympatric speciation? | Two populations share the same geographic area but go through speciation because of other factors |
| What is peripatric speciation? | A small group isolated at the edge of a larger population |
| What is parapatric speciation? | A species spread over a large area and individuals only mate with others in their area |
| What is a species defined as? | A population or group organisms that are capable of interbreeding to create viable and fertile offspring |
| What does viable mean? | Capable of surviving or living |
| What does fertile mean? | Capable of producing healthy offspring |
| What prevents different species from interbreeding? | Isolating mechanisms |
| What are mechanisms that prevent the mating of species? | Premating isolating mechanisms |
| What are mechanisms that prevent the formation of fertile and viable hybrid offspring between species? | Post-mating isolating mechanisms |
| What are the four types of premating isolation? | Behavioral, geographic, temporal, and mechanical incompatibility |
| What is behavioral isolation? | Two populations develop different behaviors and eventually can't breed (two populations of one species of bird have different mating calls) |
| What is geographic isolation? | When two populations are separated from geographic barriers |
| What is temporal isolation? | Two or more species reproduce at different times |
| What is mechanical incompatability? | Two organism's reproductive organs don't fit |
| What are the three types of post-mating isolating mechanisms? | Gametic incompatibility, hybrid inviability, hybrid infertility |
| What is gametic incompatibility? | Sperm of one species cannot fertilize the egg of another species |
| What is hybrid inviability? | Hybrid offspring fail to survive to maturity |
| What is hybrid infertility? | Hybrid offspring are sterile or have low fertility (Liger) |
| What is the idea that evolution proceeds slowly and steadily? | Gradualism |
| What is the idea that species evolve rapidly after an event? | Punctuated equilibrium |
| What can lead to rapid evolution? | Genetic drift and mass extinction |
| What are the two patterns of macroevolution? | Adaptive radiation and convergent evolution |
| What is adaptive radiation? | A single species evolves into several distinct species |
| What is convergent evolution? | Unrelated organisms in similar environments evolve adaptations to similar niches |
| What is divergent evolution? | Two or more closely related species become more dissimilar over time |
| What is coevolution? | Two or more species are so closely connected ecologically that they evolve together |
Created by:
agastyad