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Biology 9 Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the building block of proteins? | amino acids |
| What is the building block of carbohydrates? | monosaccharides |
| What is the building block of nucleic acids? | nucleotides |
| What is the building block of lipids? | fatty acids and glycerol |
| What are examples of proteins? | enzymes, hormones, antibodies, receptors |
| What are examples of carbohydrates? | starch, glycogen, glucose |
| What are examples of nucleic acids? | DNA, RNA |
| What are examples of lipids? | fats, oils, waxes |
| What is the function of carbohydrates and what foods can it be found? | main source of energy pasta, bread |
| What is the function of lipids and what foods can it be found? | long term storage of energy; main part of cell membrane insulation oils, butter |
| What is the function of proteins and what foods can it be found? | build and repair tissue, enzymes and hormones beans, meat |
| What is the function of nucleic acids and what foods can it be found? | share and transfer genetic info all living things and all foods |
| What is the difference between monomer and polymer? | monomers are the single building blocks of a substance, polymers are the large chains of monomers linked |
| Example of momosaccharide | glucose |
| Example of polysaccharide | starch, cellulose |
| polypeptide | long, continuous chain of amino acids (hormones, antibodies, receptors) |
| Dehydration synthesis | Water is removed (dehydration) on the product side molecules are built (synthesis) |
| Hydrolysis Reaction | Water is added on the reactant side Molecules are broken down |
| Prokaryote | small, unicellular, circular DNA cell with NO Nucleus |
| Eukaryote | larger, uni or multicelluar cell WITH a nucleus and organelles, linear DNA |
| semipermeable | membrane that allows some things to pass and blocks others |
| selectively permeable | membrane chooses what it will allow to pass through based on size or cell need |
| Parts of a plant cell | Nucleus Cell Membrane Cell Wall Chloroplasts Vacuoles- one large Mitochondria Ribosomes Lysosomes- Rarely |
| Parts of an animal cell | Nucleus Cell Membrane Cell Wall Chloroplasts Vacuoles- many small Mitochondria Ribosomes Lysosomes Centrioles |
| aerobic respiration | C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy (ATP) Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP) |
| anaerobic respiration | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂ + Energy Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy |
| Regulation | maintain stable internal conditions (like temperature, pH, fluid balance) |
| Sexual reproduction | two parents, unique offspring, fertilization |
| asexual reproduction | one parent, clones, fission, budding |
| excretion | get rid of wastes |
| Growth and Development | involving cell multiplication and development enabling adaptation and specialization, bigger in mass and size, changes in structure/function |
| autotrophic | make their own food (plants) |
| heterotrophic | consuming other organisms or organic matter for energy and nutrients (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores) |
| transport | moving essential substances (nutrients, oxygen, water, hormones) and waste products throughout an organism |
| passive transport: diffusion | moves substances across cell membranes from high to low concentration without cellular energy (nutrients, waste, gases) |
| passive transport: osmosis | moves substances across cell membranes without cellular energy (WATER) |
| synthesis | body's ability to rebuild itself energy, metabolism, DNA |
| active transport | moves molecules AGAINST their concentration gradient (low to high concentration) across a cell membrane, uses cellular energy, from ATP, and specific carrier proteins (pumps) |
| homeostasis | the body's automatic process of maintaining a stable internal environment (like temperature, pH, blood sugar) |
| dynamic equilibrium | where opposing processes happen at the exact same rate, causing no overall change, |
| feedback mechanisms | regulatory loops where a system's output influences its future input |
| How do organelles work together to achieve homeostasis? | Network, nucleus directs, ribosomes build, the ER and Golgi process and ship, mitochondria generating energy (ATP), lysosomes removing waste, cell membrane is entry/exit = a balanced environment |
| What are the effects of an increased number of one organelle. | can help or hurt the metabolic or cellular function of that organelle |
| What are the effects of the absence of one organelle? | impairment or cell death |
| How does salt affect cells in terms of osmosis? | a lot of salt- drawing water out causing cells to shrink less salt - water enters and cells swell, potentially bursting |
| How does salt affect homeostasis? | regulates the body's fluid balance and blood pressure |
| How are active and passive transport alike? | move molecules across membranes, use transport proteins, maintain cell balance (homeostasis), and are selective |
| How are active and passive transport different? | Use different energy and direction |
| hydrosphere | all the waters on the earth's surface, such as lakes and seas, and clouds |
| atmosphere | the layer of gases surrounding a planet |
| geosphere | Earth's solid part, encompassing the crust, mantle, and core |
| biosphere | the global ecological zone encompassing all life on Earth |
| trophic level | position in the food chain |
| 10% rule of energy transfer | only about 10% of the energy from one trophic level (like plants) is transferred and stored as biomass in the next level (like herbivores) when eaten, with the other 90% lost as heat or used for life processes (breathing, movement, growth). This |
| producer | create their own food, usually plants using sunlight via photosynthesis, forming the base of food webs |
| consumer | get energy by eating producers or other consumers, categorized as herbivores (eat plants), carnivores (eat meat), or omnivores (eat both) |
| photosynthesis | Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light Energy → Glucose + Oxygen Plants take in carbon dioxide and water, use sunlight to power a chemical reaction, and produce sugar for energy and release oxygen we breathe. |
| chloroplast | where photosynthesis occurs |
| chlorophyll | the pigment that gives plants green color |
| thylakoid | sack inside chloroplast captures sunlight to produce ATP |
| grana | stacks of flattened sacs called thylakoids found inside plant cell chloroplasts |
| stomata | are microscopic pores, on plant leaves, crucial for regulating gas exchange (taking in carbon dioxide) |
| mitocondria | powerhouses- generate cells ATP |
| fermentation | an anaerobic (no oxygen) metabolic process where organisms, like yeast or bacteria, break down sugars (carbohydrates) into simpler substances, producing energy (ATP), alcohol, acids (like lactic acid), or gases (like CO2) |
| carbon dioxide | source for plants in photosynthesis to create food |
| glucose | produced by plants during photosynthesis |
| How does each sphere of the earth interact with the other spheres? | changes in one sphere ripple through the others |
| Why is it important to conserve all spheres? | they provide essential life-support systems—clean air, water, food, medicine—and regulate climate |
| How are respiration and photosynthesis connected in a cyclic way? | products of one process become the reactants for the other, essentially reversing each other |
| What are shared reactants and products of respiration and photosynthesis? | carbon dioxide, water, glucose and oxygen |
| How do changes in photosynthesis or respiration affect the other? | increased photosynthesis provides more sugar (food) and oxygen for respiration, while increased respiration consumes more sugar and oxygen, releasing more CO2 for photosynthesis |
| adaptations for photosynthesis -stomata and gas exchange | stomata (pores controlled by guard cells) for CO2 intake/O2 release, large surface area, internal air spaces, and a moist environment for gas dissolution |
| adaptations for photosynthesis -stomata and water conservation | controlling stomata (pores for gas exchange) through closing them in dry conditions or at night |
| adaptations for photosynthesis -increased surface area from root hairs | long extensions, thin walls, large vacuoles, and many mitochondria area for water and mineral absorption |
| adaptations for respiration- increase surface area within mitochondria | the cristae |
| adaptations for respiration- increase surface area within lungs for absorption | human lungs use air sacs called alveoli |
| What is the importance of producers on the planet? | convert raw energy (sunlight) into chemical energy (food) and produce the oxygen for organisms to survive |
| Why are producers needed for consumers to survive? | they create the food and energy |
| Why must producers occupy the largest and first tropic level? | they convert raw solar energy into usable biomass (food) for the entire ecosystem |
| How does the 10% rule limit population sizes of consumers? | by showing only about 10% of energy transfers to the next trophic level, with the rest lost as heat or waste |
| What does Lugol's Iodine test for and what is the final color? | starch blue- black |
| What does heated Benedict's Solution test for and what is the final color? | glucose orange-red |
| What does Bromythymol Blue test for and what is the final color? | carbon Dioxide Yellow |
| The view on a microscope is | upside down and flipped |
| 1000um equals | 1mm |
| 1 cm equals | 10mm |
| Strongest acid | 1 |
| Strongest base | 14 |
| Neutral | 7 |
Created by:
bcataldi25