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BIO-urinary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| main anatomy and physiology of urinary system | - kidneys - 12x6x3 cm - ureters - 25-30 cm - urinary bladder - 800-1000 mL - urethra - 20 cm (male) 3-4c m (female) |
| Four main jobs of urinary system | - filtering blood, remove toxins, metabolic waste, excess ions - produces hormones to regulate pH and red blood cell production - metabolized vitamin D into calcitrol, controls calcium levels - gluconeogenesis - occurs in kidneys during fasting |
| kidneys | - 1% of body weight, but take 20-25% of all cardiac output - located posterior abdominal |
| structure of kidneys (1 of 2) | - renal cortex - outer region of kidney - renal medulla - inner region of kidney - calyx major (there is one), calyx minor (there are multiple) |
| structure of kidneys (2 of 2) | - renal capsule - made of fibrous tissue - nephrons - functional unit for blood filtering, each kidney has ~1 million - hilum - entrance to kidney for blood vessels, ureter |
| calcitriol | - hormone made by converting vitamin D in the kidney |
| main hormone in kidney | erythropoietin- creates red blood cells |
| main enzyme in kidney | renin, regulates blood pressure |
| blood flow to and from kidneys | - aorta - 120 mL mmHg - renal artery - 95 mL mmHg - lobes - 10 mL mmHg - renal vein - 8 mL mmHG - inferior vena cava - 15 mL mmHg |
| blood supply within kidneys | - renal artery - main artery - arcuate arteries - going to nephrons - afferent arteriole - going to glomerulus - efferent arteriole - going past glomerulus - accurate veins - leave nephrons - renal vein - main vein heading out |
| nephrons (figure 17.3) | - renal corpuscle - glomerulus - podocytes do actual filtering - renal tubule - proximal tubule, lopp of henley, distal tubule |
| two types of nephrons | - cortical - have short nephron loop, where majority of filtration happens, 80% are cortical - juxtamedullary - 20% are juxtamedullary, they're longer, deal more with water balance |
| glomerular filtrate (re: urine formation) | first step, absorbs water, filters out and reabsorbs anything 3 nanometers or smaller |
| podocytes (re: urine formation) | where filtering is really happening |
| GFR (re: urine formation) | glomular filtration rate, - impacts: hormones and water levels - filtration: happens in podocytes of nephrons |
| GFR filtration (re: urine formation) | - happens in podocytes of nephrons - 180 L per day or 120-125 mL per minute |
| size of solutes filtered in GFR | 3 nanometers or less, more than that, it must be broken down |
| at what level can glucose no longer be reabsorbed? | transport maximum is 375 mg/minute |
| renin-angiotensis system | controls enzyme release that causes vasoconstriction, ADH release, and thirst |
| tubular reabsoprtion | means going from capillaries back into plasma |
| diffusion | solute movement |
| Tm | highest amount that can be reabsorbed |
| renal plasma threshold | they can't take anymore, they get dumped to urine |
| sodium and water | they move together in same direction |
| sodium/potassium pump | they work opposite, sodium goes one way, potassium goes the other way |
| osmosis | movement of water, cannot be controlled |
| tubular secretion | secretion of plasma into capillaries |
| hormones (re: urine volume and concentration control) | aldosterone - controls sodium/potassium piece ADH - antidiuretic, prevents or slows urination |
| diuretic use? | makes you urinate in order to get rid of edema or excess fluid |
| urea | comes from breakdown of amino acids, 80% is reabsorbed |
| uric acid | comes from the breakdown of nucleic acids, 90% is reabsorbed |
| normal urine composition | normally 95% water |
| daily urine volume output | 2.5 L / day |
| other urine contents | 5% are solutes - urea, uric acid, sodium ions, potassium ions, calcium ions |
| unusual components of urine | blood proteins, white blood cells, bile pigments, glucose |
| pH of urine | around 6, slightly acidic |
| smell of urine | "aromatic," over time it gets a smell of ammonia due to bacteria |
| color of urine | ranges from pale, to pale yellow, to deep yellow, |
| cause of urine color | urochrome - comes from breakdown of red blood cells and hemoglobin |
| ureters | pathway from kidney to urinary bladder |
| urinary bladder | sac that holds urine, can hold 800-1000 mL |
| urethra | path from urinary bladder out of body, females have shorter ones and are more prone to UTIS, male ureters are both urinary and reproductive |
| micturition | another name for urination |
| first impulse of urination | bladder has 150-200 mL, has stretch receptors |
| second impulse of urination | 400-500 mL |
| third impulse of urination | anything over 500 mL, usually urgent |
| remaining amount of urine | 10 mL remain in urinary bladder |
| crystallization | buildup of uric acid, usually calcium ions and magnesium ions, this is what causes stones usually a result of low water intake, high protein intake |
| water and electrolyte balance | interdependent |
| body fluid locations and amounts | males - 63% body fluid, females 52% body fluid for both - 63% is intracellular, 37% is extracellular |
| extracellular components | - outside of cell (plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, interstitial fluid) |
| - intracellular components | - things within cell |
| movement between cells, pressure controlled | - hydrostatic - usually stable and equal - osmotic - moves to balance concentration differences, fluid levels and are usually not equal |
| water intake | thirst centers, 60% of intake is from drinking fluids, 30% is from moist foods, 10% is from cellular respiration |
| water output | urine, can be through sweat and fecal matter |
| acid/base balance | - electrolytes work to keep homeostasis - normal blood pH is between 7.35-7.45 |
| acidemia | having low blood pH (under 7.35) |
| alkalemia | having high blood pH (over 7.45) |
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