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PSY-420 Ch. 1-3
PSY-420 Exam 1 part 1: Ch. 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| an individual's characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior, together with the psychological mechanisms (Hidden or not) behind those patterns | personality |
| the psychological triad | how people think, how people feel, and how people behave |
| the study of traits; how are people different from each other?; conceptualize and measure individual differences | trait approach |
| understanding personality in terms of the body, anatomy, physiology, genetics; how do brain anatomy, physiology, and genetics affect personality? | biological approach |
| what's going on in the unconscious mind?; unconscious mind and internal mental conflict | psychoanalytic approach |
| your conscious awareness and experience of your world; what is the nature of the human experience? | phenomenological approach |
| how conscious awareness can produce such uniquely human attributes as existential anxiety, creativity, and free will; self-fulfillment and self-acceptance | humanistic psychology |
| degree to which psychology and the very experience of reality might be different in different cultures; appreciation of differences across cultures | cross-cultural personality research |
| how people change their behavior as a result of rewards; what are the psychological processes that underlie personality? | learning approaches |
| how do we process information? | cognitive approach |
| how do we learn certain behavior? | behavior approach |
| why do we change after watching other people? | social learning approach |
| the exploration of the unknown whose essential aspect is the gathering of data | research |
| the information a person reveals; examples: interviews, questionnaires, personal reports | self-report data (S data) |
| advantages of self-reports | large amounts of info, access to thoughts, feelings, and intentions, data true by definition, casual force, simple and easy |
| disadvantages of self reports | maybe that can't or won't tell you, too simple and easy |
| judgements by knowledgeable informants | informant-report data (I data) |
| advantages of informant-report data | large amount of info, real-world basis, common sense, true by def, casual force |
| disadvantages of informant-report data | limited behavioral info, lack of access to private experience, error, bias |
| real-life facts that may hold psychological significance; examples: social media: profile pictures, profiles, posts | life data (L data) |
| advantages of life data | objective and verifiable, intrinsic importance, psychological relevance |
| disadvantages of life data | multi-determination, possible lack of psychological relevance |
| natural or laboratory (experiments, physiological measures, some personality tests) observations | behavioral data (B data) |
| advantages of behavioral data | wide range of contexts(both real and contrived), appearance of objectivity |
| disadvantage of behavioral data | uncertain interpretation |
| the tendency of an instrument to provide the same information on repeated occasions; think of consistency in repeated measurements | reliability |
| four conditions that undermine reliability | low precision of measurement, the state of the participant, experimenter, and environment |
| conditions that improve reliability | be careful, use a constant scripted procedure (protocol), aggregation (or averaging) |
| the most important & generally useful way to enhance reliability; random errors tend to cancel one another out | aggregation |
| the degree to which a measurement actually reflects what one thinks or hopes it does; accuracy | validity |
| degree to which measure retains validity across different contexts, including different groups of people and different emotions; representative | generalizability |
| generalizability over participants | sampling, gender, and ethnic bias, cohort effect |
| closely studying a particular event or person of interest in order to find out as much as possible | case method |
| advantages and disadvantage of case studies | can find about personality in great detail, give insights into personality that can be used to formulate more general theory, only available method; reduced generalizability |
| research technique that establishes the relationship | correlational method |
Created by:
alumesi