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critical chap1

QuestionAnswer
direct conflict Sometimes when a piece of evidence we have is in direct conflict with another piece of evidence we have, one of the pieces of evidence will be stronger than the other.
indirect conflict When one piece of evidence indicates that another piece of evidence is not acceptable
What did Robert Ennis say about critical thinking/what is critical thinking? Critical thinking is reasonable, reflective thinking that is aimed at deciding what to believe or what to do.
What is a realist A realist about a certain subject matter thinks that there are truths about that subject matter and that what those truths are is independent of what anybody thinks they are.
What is a relativist? A relativist about some subject matter holds that there are truths about that area but that what they are depends on what someone take those truths to be.
What is a subjective relativist? A subjective relativist about some topic thinks that the truth in that subject matter is whatever any one individual takes it to be.
What is a a social relativist? A social relativist, by contrast, holds that the truth in that subject matter is whatever the majority of the society or culture takes it to be.
What is a nihilist? A nihilist about some subject matter holds that there are no truths at all about that subject matter.
When is an argument invalid An argument is invalid when it is not possible for its premises to be true and its conclusion to be false.
When evaluating an argument there are only two sorts of questions to ask 1 Is the argument valid? 2 Are its premises true?
What is knowledge knowledge is justified true belief
Epistemic Reasons Reasons to believe that something is true; reasons that indicate truth or accuracy.
Emotional Reason Reasons to believe something based on how the belief makes us feel or its emotional impact.
Pragmatic Reasons Reasons to believe something because believing it makes it easier to achieve our goals or objectives.
Producing Reasons The reasons that made someone believe something in the first place.
Sustaining Reasons The reasons that a belief is currently based on.
Acceptable Evidence Evidence that is accurate and comes from trustworthy sources.
Undermine (evidence) When one piece of evidence indirectly conflicts with another, and the first is stronger, then it undermines the second piece of evidence.
Override (evidence) When two pieces of evidence directly conflict, if one is stronger than the other, the stronger evidence overrides the weaker evidence.
Belief An attitude of acceptance toward something; taking something to be true.
Prejudice A prejudgment; a belief formed before enough facts are in or before one has enough evidence.
Autonomy Exercising the power to determine one's self; deciding on one's own what to do or what to believe, what kind of life to live.
Agnostic/Withhold Belief To suspend judgment; to neither believe nor disbelieve until enough evidence has been collected.
dependent the two premises have to build upon each other to make the conclusion true
independent each premise can prove the conclusion as correct
Created by: aishamahboob
 

 



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