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Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | Structure of body parts and their relationship to one another |
| Physiology | Study the function of body parts and how they work to carry out life sustaining activities. |
| Regional Anatomy | Looks at all structures in a particular area of the body. |
| System Anatomy | Looks at just one system cardiovascular , nervous, muscular etc. |
| Surface Anatomy | Looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin, visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface |
| Microscopic Anatomy | Deals with structures to small to be seen by naked eye |
| Cytology | Microscopic study of cells |
| Histology | Microscopic study of tissues |
| Developmental Anatomy | Studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life |
| Embryology | Study of developments before birth |
| Chemical Level | Atoms ,molecules and organelles |
| Cellular Level | Single Cell |
| Tissue Level | Groups of similar cells |
| Organ Level | Contains two or more types of tissue |
| Organ System Level | Organs that work closely together |
| Organismal Level | All organ systems combined to make the whole organism |
| Maintaining Boundaries | Separation between internal and external environments must exist ,plasma membranes separate cells, skin separates organism from environment |
| Movement | Muscular system allows movement of body parts via skeletal muscles, of substances via cardiac muscle (blood) and smooth muscle(digestion urination) |
| Contractility | Refers to movement at the cellular level |
| Responsiveness | Ability to sense and respond to stimuli , withdrawal reflex prevents injury, control of breathing rate which must change in response to different activities. |
| Digestion | breakdown of ingested foodstuffs, followed by absorption of simple molecules in blood |
| Metabolism | All chemical reactions that occur in body cells , sum of all catabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules) |
| Excretion | Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion Urea 9breakdown of proteins), carbon dioxide (from metabolism)feces(unabsorbed foods) |
| Reproduction | At the cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair at the organismal level reproduction is the production of offspring |
| Growth | Increase in size of a body part or organism |
| Integumentary System | Forms the external body covering ,and protects deeper tissues from injury synthesizes vitamin d and houses cutaneous (Pain and Pressure ) receptors and sweat and oil glands. |
| Skeletal System | Provides and supports body organs ,and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones and ,bones store minerals |
| Muscular System | Allows manipulation of the environment locomotion and facial expression ,maintains posture and produces heat. |
| Nervous System | As the fast -acting control system of the body. it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands |
| Endocrine System | Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. |
| Cardiovascular System | Blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen carbon dioxide ,nutrients and wastes ,The heart pumps blood. |
| Lymphatic System | Picks up flood leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream .Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body. |
| Respiratory System | Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs |
| Digestive System | Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces |
| Urinary System | Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolytes ,and acid-base balance of the blood. |
| Male Reproductive System | Overall function is productive of offspring . Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. |
| Female Reproductive System | Overall function is production of offspring . Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. |
| Homeostasis | The maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment |
| Homeostatic control of variables | Three components receptor ,control center and effector |
Created by:
ReschaW2023