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Amstuds unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The period after the Civil War when the federal government attempted to rebuild the South and integrate formerly enslaved African Americans into society by granting civil and political rights, though many efforts ultimately failed due to racism and lack o | Reconstruction (1865–1877) |
| Abolished slavery in the United States, officially ending the legal ownership of human beings and marking the first step toward freedom for formerly enslaved people | 13th Amendment |
| Granted citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States and promised equal protection under the law, though these rights were often denied to African Americans | 14th Amendment |
| Prohibited denying the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude, but was undermined by literacy tests, poll taxes, and violence | 15th Amendment |
| An agricultural system where farmers rented land and paid landowners with a share of their crops, trapping many Black families in cycles of debt and poverty and limiting economic freedom | Sharecropping |
| Laws State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the South, legally separating Black and white Americans in public spaces and reinforcing white supremacy | Jim Crow |
| Supreme Court decision that ruled segregation was constitutional as long as facilities were “separate but equal,” providing legal justification for Jim Crow laws | Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
| The mass movement of millions of African Americans from the rural South to Northern cities in search of factory jobs, safety from violence, and better opportunities | Great Migration |
| The transformation of the U.S. economy from agriculture-based to factory-based manufacturing, leading to mass production, urban growth, and new social problems | Industrialization |
| An economic system based on private ownership, competition, and profit, which encouraged innovation but also created extreme wealth inequality | Capitalism |
| Large corporations that dominated industries during the Gilded Age, often controlling production, prices, and labor conditions | Big Business |
| When a single company controls an entire industry, eliminating competition and often exploiting consumers and workers | Monopolies |
| Wealthy industrialists criticized for unethical practices such as exploiting workers, crushing competition, and manipulating government | Robber Barons |
| The act of donating money to public causes such as libraries, universities, and charities, often used by wealthy industrialists to improve their public image | Philanthropy |
| Organizations formed by workers to protect their rights and demand better wages, safer conditions, and shorter working hours | Labor Unions |
| Widespread strikes, protests, and conflicts between workers and employers caused by poor working conditions and low pay | Labor Unrest |
| The rapid growth of cities as people moved from rural areas for industrial jobs, leading to overcrowding and poor living conditions | Urbanization |
| Investigative journalists who exposed corruption, unsafe working conditions, political scandals, and corporate abuses to the public | Muckrakers |
| The arrival of millions of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe who provided cheap labor but faced discrimination | Immigration (Late 1800s–Early 1900s) |
| A belief that native-born Americans were superior to immigrants, leading to hostility, discrimination, and restrictive immigration laws | Nativism |
| Intense fear or hatred of foreigners and foreign cultures, often used to justify exclusion and racism | Xenophobia |
| A pseudoscientific belief that claimed some races and social classes were biologically superior, used to justify discrimination and immigration limits | Eugenics |
| Party A political movement that supported farmers and workers by calling for government regulation of railroads, banks, and big business | Populist Party |
| A reform movement aimed at fixing social, economic, and political problems caused by industrialization, corruption, and inequality | Progressivism |
| A period of reform when activists pushed for labor protections, government regulation, and social justice | Progressive Era (1890s–1920s) |
| A movement advocating for women’s right to vote as a key step toward political and social equality | Women’s Suffrage |
| Granted women the right to vote nationwide, marking a major victory for the women’s rights movement | 19th Amendment (1920) |
| The policy of expanding a nation’s power and influence by acquiring overseas territories and markets | Imperialism |
| A war between the U.S. and Spain that resulted in American control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, marking the U.S. emergence as a global power | Spanish-American War (1898) |
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