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Stack #4610103
(1) the skeletal system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| where is the location of the skeletal system | internal framework |
| functions of the skeletal system | support, protection, leverage for movement, mineral/adipose/red bone marrow storage |
| bones are classified by their... | shape (long, flat, short, irregular) |
| the epiphysis | rounded end of a long bone |
| what makes up the epiphysis | spongy bone in middle surrounded by a sell of compact bone, capped by articular cartilage (hyaline) |
| the diaphysis | shaft of a long bone |
| what makes up the diaphysis | compact bone surrounding a medullary cavity (marrow) |
| what is the epiphyseal plate | hyaline cartilage junction between the epiphysis and the diaphysis |
| what happens to the epiphyseal plate after puberty | the plate converts into bone, then named an epiphyseal line (18-F, 21-M) |
| where is the medullary cavity (marrow canal) | interior of the diaphysis |
| what is the medullary cavity lined with | endosteum |
| what is endosteum | single layer of osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor (stem) cells, and osteoblasts |
| what is endosteum filled with | red marrow in young bone, converted into yellow marrow (adipose) in adults, but can transition back |
| what is the periosteum | vascular, dense irregular connective tissue membrane that surrounds bone |
| does the periosteum contain blood vessels and nerves | yes |
| true or false: the periosteum has osteoblasts and osteoclasts deep to it to allow for reworking the surface of the bone | true |
| what layer do tendons and ligaments attach to | the periosteum |
| what are the 2 types of bone formation | intramembranous bone formation and endochondral bone formation |
| what is intramembranous bone formation used to form bone of | roof of skull, mandible, and most of clavicle |
| what does intramembranous bone formation begin with | membrane of dense irregular connective tissue |
| osteoblasts begin to form trabeculae of spongy bone in the middle of the membrane in which bone formation | intramembranous bone formation |
| true or false: in intramembranous bone formation, outer parts of the original dense irregular CT forms the periosteum | true |
| what do osteoblasts and osteoclasts remodel in intramembranous bone formation | the inner and outer edges of spongy bone into the osteons of compact bone |
| true or false: most bones are formed using intramembranous bone formation | false |
| how does endochondral bone formation begin | when chondroblasts form a hyaline cartilage model of the bone |
| in endochondral bone formation, when the diaphysis begins to be converted into bone first, what is this known as | the primary ossification center (fetal development) |
| what do chondrocytes do in the primary ossification center | calcify cartilage then they die, leaving their lacunae empty, which blood vessels enter carrying in osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| what do osteoblasts do in the primary ossification center | lay down salts on remaining cartilage, turning it into spongy bone, then they rework edges of spongy bone into the osteons of compact bone. osteoclasts clear out the center to form the medullary cavity |
| in endochondral bone formation, when the epiphyses begin to be converted into bone second, it is known as... | secondary ossification centers (birth-2years) |
| how are primary ossification centers and secondary ossification centers similar | process of converting epiphyseal cartilage into bone is same as primary centers, except spongy bone is never cleared to form a cavity |
| what happens to hyaline cartilage at the end of endochondral bone formation | remains at ends of the epiphyses to form articular cartilage, and between the diaphysis and epiphysis as epiphyseal plates |
| bone growth in length | longitudinal growth |
| true or false: area of cartilage closest to the epiphysis (proliferation zone) has dividing chondrocytes and growing cartilage | true |
| true or false: area of cartilage closest to the diaphysis (ossification zone) is being converted into bone by osteoblasts | true |
| bone growth in width | appositional growth |
| why does longitudinal growth occur | due to mitosis and growth of cartilage at the epiphyseal plates |
| why does appositional growth occur | due to osteoblasts under the periosteum laying down new bone on the surface |
| bones can continue growing in width throughout life because of... | stress and weight on bones |
| what vitamins control bone growth | vitamin D, C, A |
| vitamin D | synthesized from dehydrocholesterol produced by cells of digestive tract, carried to skin where UV light changes it to substance that becomes vitamin D |
| functions of vitamin D | needed for absorption of calcium and phosphorous from digestive tract to generate hydroxyapatite to ossify bones |
| what are the deficiencies related to vitamin D | Rickets (children): deformed legs/ribs/sternum/vertebrae, can be cured by vitamin D, calcium intake, sun exposure Osteomalacia (adults): bones become weak due to disturbances in calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
| vitamin C is needed for... | synthesis of collagen |
| vitamin A is needed for... | activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts |
| what hormones control the skeletal system | growth hormone, thyroxine, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, sex hormones |
| what is the growth hormone produced by | the pituitary gland |
| what does the growth hormone stimulate | mitosis of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate- results in bone growth in length |
| excessive growth hormone results in... | gigantism (before puberty), acromegaly (after puberty) |
| growth hormone deficiency results in... | pituitary dwarf (before puberty): small stature with normal proportions |
| thyroxine is produced by | thyroid gland |
| thyroxine moderates... | production of growth hormone- too much/too little = impaired growth |
| parathyroid hormone is produced by... | parathyroid gland in response to LOW levels of blood calcium |
| parathyroid hormone RAISES blood calcium levels by | stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone tissue, making kidneys conserve calcium, increasing absorption of calcium from small intestines |
| calcitonin is produced by... | thyroid gland in response to HIGH levels of blood calcium |
| calcitonin LOWERS blood calcium levels by | inhibiting osteoclast activity, increasing excretion of calcium and phosphate |
| sex hormones result in... | bone growth (adolescent) and bone maintenance (adult) |
| true or false: high levels of sex hormones slows mitotic rate of cartilage cells at epiphyseal plate | true- ends growth spurt in puberty |
| true or false: estrogens have a stronger effect on decreasing mitotic rate | true- females stop growing sooner than males |
| what is osteoporosis | a disease where breakdown of bony tissue is faster than building of bony tissue, leaving spaces and canals within the bones |
| true or false: osteoporosis results in loss of bone mass making you more susceptible to bone fracture | true |
| why is osteoporosis more likely in postmenopausal women | due to low estrogen levels |
| what are the risk factors of osteoporosis | inadequate calcium conception and absorption, inactivity, excess exercise, small stature, low weight, smoking and drugs promote bone loss |
| fracture definition | any break in the bone |
| fracture repair | a hematoma (blood clot) forms, chondroblasts come in and form fibrocartilage- fill gaps and form a cartilaginous callus, osteoblasts convert collagen fibers into spongy bone, osteoblasts/osteoclasts remodel spongy bone, compact bone is formed where needed |
Created by:
katiew0