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DEAF Hist. and DPN
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Q: When did the foundation of Deaf culture begin? | A: 18th and early 19th centuries |
| Q: What influenced early Deaf culture? | A: Grassroots visual language communities |
| Q: What role did sign language play in Deaf culture? | A: It was the foundation of Deaf community and identity |
| Q: How did Deaf culture develop socially? | A: Through shared language, schools, and community spaces |
| Q: Who brought French Sign Language (LSF) to America? | A: Laurent Clerc |
| Q: Who helped bring Deaf education to the U.S. with Clerc? | A: Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet |
| Q: Where did Laurent Clerc come from? | A: France (originally from England per notes context of influence) |
| Q: What school did Clerc help establish? | A: The American School for the Deaf |
| Q: What teaching methods were used early in Deaf education? | A: Sign language, writing, and visual instruction |
| Q: What languages influenced ASL? | A: French Sign Language (LSF) and local sign systems |
| Q: Where did ASL develop? | A: In Deaf schools and communities in the United States |
| Q: Why is ASL important? | A: It is a full language and core part of Deaf identity |
| Q: When was Gallaudet University founded? | A: 1864 |
| Q: Who signed the law establishing Gallaudet? | A: President Abraham Lincoln |
| Q: What makes Gallaudet University unique? | A: It is the world’s only university designed specifically for Deaf and hard-of-hearing students |
| Q: Where is Gallaudet University located? | A: Washington, D.C. |
| Q: When was the American School for the Deaf founded? | A: 1817 |
| Q: What was a major educational debate affecting Deaf people in the late 19th century? | A: Oralism vs. sign language |
| Q: What did Oralism promote? | A: Speech and lip-reading instead of sign language |
| Q: How did Oralism impact Deaf education? | A: Many schools banned sign language |
| Q: How did Deaf people build community? | A: Through schools, clubs, churches, and shared language |
| Q: Why is Deaf culture important? | A: It supports identity, communication, and pride within the Deaf community |
| Q: What was unique about Martha’s Vineyard in Deaf history? | A: It had a historically high Deaf population. |
| Q: How did deafness begin on Martha’s Vineyard? | A: Through families who migrated from England in the 1600s. |
| Q: Why was deafness common on the island? | A: A genetic trait was passed down through generations. |
| Q: What language was used on Martha’s Vineyard? | A: A village sign language used by both Deaf and hearing residents. |
| Q: Who used sign language on the island? | A: Both Deaf and hearing people. |
| Q: Where was sign language used in daily life? | A: Homes, schools, churches, and community spaces. |
| Q: How were Deaf people treated socially on Martha’s Vineyard? | A: They were fully included in society. |
| Q: How did Deaf residents participate economically? | A: They worked, owned land, married, and held leadership roles. |
| Q: Were there communication barriers between Deaf and hearing residents? | A: No, communication was accessible to everyone. |
| Q: Why is Martha’s Vineyard important in Deaf history? | A: It shows how full inclusion is possible when sign language is widely used |
| Q: What are the two key definitions of representation? | A: Speaking or acting on behalf of someone, and depicting someone in art, media, or images. |
| Q: How does lack of representation affect individuals? | A: It impacts how people view their own identity and sense of belonging. |
| Q: What makes Gallaudet University unique? | A: It is the only university specifically designed for Deaf and hard-of-hearing students. |
| Q: Who led Gallaudet University before 1988? | A: For 124 years, it was led only by hearing, white, male presidents. |
| Q: What happened during the 1988 presidential search? | A: The search was narrowed to three finalists, including Deaf candidates. |
| Q: Who was selected as president on March 6, 1988? | A: Elizabeth Zinser. |
| Q: Why was Elizabeth Zinser’s selection controversial? | A: She did not know ASL and had no understanding of Deaf culture. |
| Q: What major action did students organize after the decision? | A: The first mass Deaf-led protest march in history to the Mayflower Hotel. |
| Q: What was the first demand made by students? | A: Elizabeth Zinser must resign and a Deaf president must be selected. |
| Q: What was the second demand? | A: Board Chairman Jane Spilman must step down. |
| Q: What was the third demand? | A: At least 51% of the Board of Trustees must be Deaf. |
| Q: What was the fourth demand? | A: No reprisals against student protestors. |
| Q: Who was Tim Rarus? | A: Outgoing Student Body Government (SBG) president and the most politically experienced leader. |
| Q: Who was Brigetta Bourne-Firl? | A: Government major and activist heavily involved in college politics. |
| Q: Who was Greg Hlibok? | A: Newly elected Student Body Government president. |
| Q: Who was Jerry Covell? | A: Student leader known for his powerful speaking style. |
| Q: Which groups supported the protest? | A: The National Association of the Deaf, the workers’ union, and celebrities. |
| Q: What was a major turning point in the protest? | A: Deaf candidate I. King Jordan appeared on national news supporting the students. |
| Q: Who became the 8th president of Gallaudet University? | A: I. King Jordan. |
| Q: Why was his appointment historic? | A: He became the first Deaf president of Gallaudet University. |
| Q: What is I. King Jordan’s famous quote? | A: “I must give the highest praise to the students of Gallaudet for showing us exactly, even now, how one can seize an idea with such force that it becomes a reality.” |
| Q: What shift did the protest cause in the Deaf community? | A: A shift from “Deaf cannot” to “Deaf can.” |
| Q: What did Brigetta Bourne-Firl say people felt after DPN? | A: Released from oppression. |
| Q: What did Jerry Covell note about Deaf identity before DPN? | A: Many Deaf people limited their dreams and expectations. |
| Q: What national effect did Deaf President Now (DPN) have? | A: Increased national attention to Deaf issues. |
| Q: What major law followed two years later? | A: The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). |
| Q: What did Rev. Jesse L. Jackson say about the movement? | A: “The problem is not that the students do not hear. The problem is that the hearing world does not listen.” |
| Q: What happened on February 28, 1988? | A: The Board of Trustees announced finalists for the presidency. |
| Q: What occurred on March 1, 1988? | A: Student rallies began, inspiring widespread participation. |
| Q: What was announced on March 6, 1988? | A: Elizabeth Zinser was appointed president. |
| Q: What happened during the March 6, 1988 march? | A: Students marched to the Mayflower Hotel and met with trustees. |
| Q: What occurred on March 7, 1988? | A: Students drafted the Four Demands. |
| Q: How did the Board respond to the demands? | A: They initially denied and ignored them. |
| Q: What happened on March 10, 1988? | A: Elizabeth Zinser resigned. |
| Q: What occurred on March 13, 1988? | A: Jane Spilman resigned, and I. King Jordan was named president. |
| Q: What strategies did students use during DPN? | A: Rallies, negotiations, internal meetings, protests, posters, speeches, locked gates, and bus barricades. |
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