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Motivation/Altered
Emotion, motivation, and altered states
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| motivation | "your why", internal state that activates behavior and directs our behavior towards reaching a goal |
| intrinsic motivation | internally motivated, you are motivating yourself (ex. you want to do good on a test) |
| extrinsic motivation | externally motivated, you are motivated by your environment (ex. money) |
| instinct theory | falls under evolutionary perspective, motivation based on natural tendencies that determine our behavior (cleanliness, curiosity, socialization, sympathy, parental love) |
| drive-reduction theory | motivation starts with biological and physical needs (necessary for us to physically survive) and is accomplished due to our drive to meet those needs, falls under biological perspective |
| homeostasis | the body returns to its normal, balanced state after its needs are satisfied (goal of drive-reduction theory) |
| incentive theory | motivation based on incentives (rewards or punishments to motivate behaviors), similar to operant conditions - we want to gain a positive reward and avoid punishment, falls under behavioral perspective |
| arousal theory / Yerkes-Dodson law | we are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal (stress/anxiety), need enough stress to perform well but too much will cause a bad performance |
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs | we are motivated by needs and all needs aren't created equal; we are driven to satisfy the lower level needs first, falls under humanistic perspective |
| physiological needs (tier 1) | going to the bathroom, food, water, sleep, oxygen |
| safety needs (tier 2) | shelter, trust, passwords, a bank account (financial secureness) |
| belonging and love needs (tier 3) | friends, family, pets, clubs, groups, support |
| esteem needs (tier 4) | controlled by yourself, how you feel about yourself, self confidence and esteem |
| self actualization (tier 5) | being the best version of yourself you can be, living up to your fullest potential |
| stimulus | something that causes a reaction |
| emotion | made up of physical arousal (body), cognitive and affective (mind), and behavioral factors (expression, gestures, body language, actions, etc.) |
| evolutionary theory of emotion | certain emotions/expressions were naturally selected because they gave humans a survival advantage |
| James-Lange theory of emotion | an emotion provoking stimulus causes a physiological reaction in the body, allowing the body to automatically experience an emotion |
| facial feedback theory of emotion | activity in facial muscles that create facial expressions cue the brain and tell it what emotion to experience, facial movements give the brain sensory information based on muscle movements |
| Cannon-Bard theory of emotion | an emotion provoking stimulus sends messages from the thalamus to simultaneously cause a physiological reaction and the automatic experience of an emotion |
| dual pathway theory of emotion | an emotion provoking stimulus travels along 2 different pathways at the same time; one is slow/conscious (high road) and the other is fast/unconscious (low road) |
| Schachter-Singer 2 factor theory of emotion | an emotion provoking stimulus causes a physiological reaction which then allows the brain to give it a cognitive label, experiencing the emotion |
| cognitive appraisal theory of emotion | cognition (conscious or unconscious) happens before the subjective experience or emotion (includes appraisals) |
| primary appraisal | deciding if an event will affect an individual personally |
| secondary appraisal | deciding how one should deal with the event |
| universal emotions | discovered by Paul Ekman, all cultures display these emotions similarly, joy, anger, interest, disgust surprise, sadness, fear |
| stress | physical and psychological response to factors that challenge our homeostasis |
| sympathetic adrenal medullary response | nervous and endocrine systems respond fast to acute stressors (short-term), the hypothalamus triggers the pituitary gland to release cortisol (fight or flight) |
| hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical response | nervous and endocrine systems respond slowly to chronic stressors, extended coping |
| general adaptation syndrome | the body's response to experiencing chronic stress over long periods of time (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) |
| alarm | SNS reacts, releases highest level of stress hormones |
| resistance | elevated levels of stress hormones, body attempts to adapt to higher arousal state |
| exhaustion | body's internal resources are depleted |
| distress | stress from unpleasant experiences (short term) |
| eustress | positive stress resulting from pursuing challenging but achievable goals |
| approach approach conflict motivator | 2 desirable outcomes, can't make a bad choice but have to pick one |
| avoidance avoidance conflict motivator | 2 unfavorable outcomes, pick the choice that gives the least discomfort |
| approach avoidance conflict motivator | we pick a less unfavorable choice now to avoid a worse situation later |
| broaden and build theory of emotion | positive emotions allow us to learn new things, connect with others, and broaden the mind. negative emotions narrow focus to the immediate threat/negative emotions, falls under positive psychology |
| Freud's Iceberg theory | we are conscious/aware of 25% of the information stored in our brains and 75% of this information is store unconsciously |
| preconscious | knowledge and memories we have but don't think about (ex. birthday, phone number) |
| unconscious | desires, conflicts, or memories that our conscious mind can't deal with; you are unaware of these but they still influence behavior, tap into unconscious to understand who you are |
| altered state | changing someone's state of awareness |
| ways to tap into the unconsicous mind | sleeping, dreaming, meditation, hypnosis, drugs |
| physical changes in an altered state | breathing patterns change, heart rate slows, muscles tense/relax |
| reasons for sleep | drive reduction theory: we sleep to return our body to homeostasis and help it grow/recover/repair, cognitive theory: we sleep for learning and memory, evolutionary theory: ancestors couldn't see to hunt at night and needed to sleep to survive |
| sleep deprivation results in | fatigue, irritability, weight gain, decreased mood and energy levels, lower attention levels, dangerous driving, higher risk of depression |
| NREM sleep | non rapid eye movement quiet sleep, 75% of sleep time, where body grows, repairs, and rests |
| NREM Stage 1 | falling asleep, muscles begin to relax, pulse slows, temperature drops, still aware and awake, body twitches and slowly shuts down, alpha waves are on EEG, relaxation, hypnagogic sensations occur |
| NREM Stage 2 | brain slowly shuts down, brain waves shift from high amplitude to low frequency (sleep spindles), the end of stage 2 bridges the gap between awakeness and deep sleep |
| NREM Stage 3 | large delta waves on EEG, deepest sleep, hard to awaken, important for resting recuperating, growing, and maintaining homeostasis, sleepwalking/talking occur here with no memory of it (muscles are awake, brain isn't) |
| REM Stage 4 | lasts for 15-45 minutes, increases the longer you are asleep (4-6 sleep cycles a night), dreaming occurs, brain is awake and functions as if you are awake, muscles are relaxed, pulse, breathing, adrenal levels release more melatonin |
| dreams | any mental activity that takes place during sleep, any thought that occurs during sleep and doesn't always happen during REM sleep |
| mental activities | planning, strategizing, thinking |
| 1st dreams | vague leftover thoughts from the day, occurs when you first lay down (NREM Stage 1), information processing, include everyday surroundings, not very interesting (ex. did I do all of my homework? what classes do I have tomorrow?) |
| REM dreams | dramatic, vivid, long dreams no longer than 45 minutes that are interesting and memorable |
| Freud's psychoanalytic dream theory | our dreams are the road to our unconscious mind and give clues as to what we truly/unconsciously desire, includes manifest and latent content, aligns with iceberg theory |
| manifest content | what actually occurs in our dreams, the storyline of what happened, what we can remember |
| latent content | what we think our dreams/manifest content actually mean, the underlying meaning to what happens in a dream |
| activation synthesis | neurons fire random signals during REM sleep, cerebral cortex tries to make sense of the information shared from neurons so it creates a dream |
| cognitive dream theory | dreams let us address and figure out problems that we have in real life, supported by the fact that REM sleep increases after periods of stress and learning |
| consolidation dream theory | dreams are the result of memory consolidation that happens while we sleep, brain keeps important memories and cycles through it in dreams, gets rid of unnecessary memories/info |
| sleep apnea | snoring and experiencing trouble breathing to the point of choking, caused by an enlarged uvula (hanging skin at back of throat), tonsils, or adenoids, obesity, or face/skull malformations that impair breathing |
| narcolepsy | suddenly falling into REM sleep for no longer than 2 minutes, affects 1 in 2,000 people, 50% of people go undiagnosed, caused by genetics or a neurotransmitter malfunction |
| sleep terrors | screaming during Stage 3 NREM sleep and can't remember why, common in children, caused by genetics or NT malfunctions, brain shouldn't be active but is |
| restless leg syndrome (RLS) | involuntary muscle movement (usually legs) while in REM or Stage 1 NREM sleep, caused by anxiety issues, high stress, keep moving limbs because of a tingling or painful sensation |
| somnambulism | behave/walk/talk while in Stage 3 NREM sleep, caused by genetics, high stress, withdraw from drug abuse, sleep deprivation, chaotic sleep schedules, anxiety |
| nightmare disorder | long and frightening dreams which you can remember, occurs weekly, caused by stress, increased brain activity in hypothalamus (works with ANS to trigger amygdala/fight or flight), occurs during REM sleep |
| insomnia | being unable to continuously sleep for 1-2 hours a night, caused by stress, poor sleep habits that disrupt circadian rhythm/melatonin release, stimulant drug use, anxiety, depression |
| hypersomnia | feeling overly sleepy despite getting enough or too much sleep, caused by stress, anxiety, depression, inadequate sleep, happens daily |
| cataplexy | experiencing muscle paralysis after being woken up during REM sleep (body/brain are awake but muscles are not), associated with narcolepsy, caused by an NT malfunction |
| REM sleep behavior disorder | acting out vivid, often violent dreams during REM sleep, caused by medication side effects, neurological conditions like Parkinson's (lack of dopamine to control muscle tension), alcohol/drug use or withdraw |
| consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
| dual processing | when the brain processes information on 2 tracks--one conscious and deliberate and one unconscious and automatic--at the same time |
| selective attention | shifting your conscious attention to something that was once previously stored in your unconscious mind |
| circadian rhythm | the body's internal clock that regulates temperature and wakefulness, things that occur on a 24 hour cycle |
| hypnagogic sensations | hallucinations that a person experiences shortly after falling asleep that are incorporated into their memories (ex. falling, floating) |
| sleep cycles | lasts for about 90 minutes, you have 4-6 sleep cycles per night |
| Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) | a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm and responds to light/darkness by adjusting melatonin release |
Created by:
ts2819